SOC101 1nd Edition Lecture 21Outline of Current Lecture I. Social Change and the EnvironmentII. What is Social Change?- Social Change: A shift in the characteristics of culture and societyIII. Four Social Revolutions-Humans domesticated plants and animals (11,050 BCE)- Invented the plow (8,000 BCE)-Invented the steam engine (early 1700s AD) -Invented the microchip (1949 AD) Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft- “Community to Society” - Gemeinschaft: lives are built around reciprocal obligations- Gesellschaft: human relationships are less personal and indirect, rationally constructed in the interest of efficiencyIV. Industrial Revolution and Capitalism- Modernization: the transformation of traditional societies into industrial societies - Karl Marx - Max WeberV. Social MovementsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- “Social movements often reveal the cutting edge of social change.”VI. Conflict, Power, and Global PoliticsVII. Geopolitics: politics, particularly international relations, influenced by geography A. G7 Plus: A coalition of 8 countries formed after WWII (Russia was originally not part of this group but was later added) to align power and divide global areas of dominance B. 4 Threats to the G7 Plus-Conflict within-Resurgence of China -Ethnic rivalries and conflicts-“Smoldering embers of the Cold War”C. The Growing Relevance of Africa - Untapped Markets - AFRICOMVIII. Theories and Processes of Social ChangeA. Evolutionary - Unilinear: all societies follow the same path; each evolves from simpler to more complex- Lewis Morgan (1877)- 3 Stages: savagery, barbarism, and civilization- Multilinear: Different routes lead to the same stage of development - Cultural progress?VIV. Cyclical Theories: “Civilizations are like biological organisms”- Arnold Toynbee (1946): Each civilization faces challenges to its existence- Oswald Spengler (1926-1928): The Decline of the WestIX. Conflict over Power and Resources- Marx’s Dialectical process of history: Each arrangement of power (a thesis) contains contradictions (antitheses) which make the arrangement unstable andwhich must be resolved; the new arrangement of power (synthesis) contains itsown contradictions. This process continues throughout history.VIII. Ogburn’s TheoryA. William Ogburn: Technology changes society by three processes:- Invention: combining existing elements and materials to form new ones- Discovery: a new way of seeing reality - Diffusion: the spread of an invention (material and/or social), discovery, or ideas from one area to another IX. Cultural lag: Human behavior that lags behind technological innovationsX. Evaluation - One-directional - Makes humans sound passiveXI. Technology Changes LivesA. What is technology?- Tools: items used to accomplish the task - Procedures: methods/techniques/action necessary to produce tools- Skills: the ability needed to use tools It’s the artificial means to extend human ability!XII. Sociological Significance of TechnologyA. Technology produced fundamental changes in:- Production- Worker-Owner Relations- Ideology- Conspicuous Consumption - Family Relationships B. Automobile- Henry Ford’s Model T (1909)- Displaced Existing Technology- Effects on Cities - Changes in Architecture - Changes in Dating and Sexual Norms- Effects on Women’s RolesC. Microchip- Changes in social interactions- Education - Business and Finance- International ConflictD. Cyberspace and Social Inequalitya. Perpetuate Inequalities?Information haves and have-nots b. Reduce Inequalities?A passport out of povertyXIII. Economic Growth and the Environment- “Faster-paced production means faster-paced destruction”- Sustainable environment: a world system which takes into account the limits ofthe environment, produces enough material goods for everyone’s needs, and leaves a heritage of a sound environment for the next generation- Toxic Wastes - Fossil Fuels and Global Warming- Energy Shortage? - The Rain ForestsXVI. Toxic Sites in Western New YorkXIV. The EPA & The Superfund ProgramA. https://environmentaljusticetv.wordpress.com/2013/12/17/special-interview-with-sanjay-gupta-lois-gibbs-superfund-turns-30/B. Environmental Protection Agency- Government agency tasked with protecting environment and health- Created in 1970C. Superfund Program- nickname for law requiring EPA to clean up contamination- Created in 1980D. National Priorities List (NPL)- Properties marked for remediation (cleanup)XV. Problems with the NPLA. High scientific standards of proof- Must pass Hazard Ranking System (HRS) screening- Assessment based on limited reportsB. Communities must be their own advocates- Lawsuits, community mobilizationC. Long waiting list for remediation (NPL)XVI. Fossil FuelsXVII. Energy Shoratge?XVIII. RainforestsXIX. Deforestation: the conversion of forested areas to non-forest land for use such as arable land, pasture, urban use, logged area, or wasteland.- Forests cover 30% of the earth’s land. - Agriculture is the leading cause of deforestation.- Deforestation is responsible for 12-17% of the annual increase in greenhouse gas emissions.XX. Environmental Movement- Environmental Injustice: Minorities and the poor being the ones who suffer most from the effects of pollution- Eco-sabotage: actions taken to sabotage the efforts of people who are thought to be legally harming the environment - Environmental Sociology: a specialty within sociology that studies how humansaffect the environment and how the environment affects humansXXI. Eco-Sabotage: Heroes or Criminals-