Ch 8 Motivation and Emotions End of Ch 7 Functional fixedness tendency to see objects as having only one function Decision making special form of problem solving in which you already know all possible solutions o Compensatory model attractive features of a choice can compensate for unattractive ones o Heuristics short cuts used in decision making o Representative heuristics making decisions based on how similar or representative a o Availability heuristics making decisions based on whatever information is most available o Confirmation bias tendency to remember evidence that supports our beliefs and forget evidence which does not o Framing effects of perspective from which a problem is viewed o Hindsight bias viewing outcomes as inevitable believing that one knew it would turn out choice is that way o Counterfactual thinking thinking thoughts that are counter to facts Intelligence and mental abilities o Intelligence ability to reason think and solve problems Triachic theory analytical creative practical thinking Multiple intelligences many types of intelligences musical linguistic logical ETC IQ tests measure intelligence average IQ is 100 Reliability extent to which giving a test will give the same results twice Validity the extent to which a test actually measures what it is supposed to Heredity environment intelligence Use of twin studies shows gene involvement in intelligence Gender culture intelligence Weak trends show males better at math and spatial abilities females better at verbal abilities Males are more likely to be mentally challenged or gifted Motivation something that causes motion CH 8 o Intrinsic motivation motivation is provided by activity itself o Extrinsic motivation motivation comes from consequences of activity Emotion to excite to move outwards o What is stimulus cognition o Is stimulus good or bad emotions o If good approach if bad withdraw motivation Instincts very few human behaviors are instinctual Drive reduction theory bodily needs create a drive o Primary drives food water sex sleep Hypothalamus plays a role in turning hunger drive on and off Leptin high level of this hormone signals to reduce appetite Ghrelin high levels of this hormone signals to increase appetite Eating disorders Anorexia nervosa o Intense fear of becoming obese o Missed periods in females o Refusal to maintain normal body weight o Disturbance of body image Bulimia nervosa o Recurrent episodes of binge eating o Recurring behaviors to prevent weight gain o Body image distortion o Highest mortality rate of all psychological disorders 10 of all diagnosed will die Causes of eating disorders o Media o Low self esteem o Genetic link handedness Obesity certain weight Primary drive to reproduce Biological factors Sex Sex response cycle o Excitement o Plateau o Orgasm Patterns o BMI higher than 30 o Set point theory our bodies are genetically set to maintain a o Testosterone male sex hormone o Pheromones secreted to promote sexual readiness in partners o Frequency depends on age nationality o Cultural factors determine what is sexy o Most Americans do not engage in kinky sex o Married people have more sex o of married people will remain faithful to spouse Sexual orientation o Heterosexual o Homosexual o Bisexual o 3 of males 2 of females are homosexual o Secondary drives money grades career o Homeostasis balanced state where drives have been met Arousal theory people are driven to maintain optimal levels of arousal Sensation seeking people whose arousal level is too high or too low will seek opposite sensations to level out arousal Hierarchy of needs needs range from low level physiological breathing to high level psychological Aggression behavior intended to inflict harm on others o Largely a learned response o Response to pain and frustration o Some cultures promote aggression while others promote peace o Males are more prone to violence due to social conditioning Achievement desire to excel Affiliation desire to be a part of a sympathetic group Emotions o Theories o 8 basic emotions are universal Fear surprise sadness disgust anger anticipation joy acceptance James Lange theory fearful stimulus leads to a physiological change Cannon Bard fearful stimulus leads to physiological and psychological behaviors Cognitive theory stimulus leads to physiological and psychological appraisal of emotion Anger low pitch o Communicating emotions Voice Disgust downward pitch fast Fear high pitch low intensity Sadness high pitch Face We have little conscious control over our face muscles o A true smile include the eyes as well as the mouth Body language personal space and gestures Gender and emotion Men are more likely to inhibit their emotions while women will express and direct their emotions inward Women are better at interpreting verbal cues Cultures differ in display rules
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