Forests and People (Format: Multiple choice and short answer questions ...+ 10 point extra credit)Fundamental Concepts from Sections 1-4A. What is a working definition for sustainable forest management (SFM)? How can SFM be defined withrespect to biological diversity, timber harvesting, water resources, aquatic ecosystems, and local communities and economies.Sustainable forest management (SFM) is the management of forests according to the principles of sustainable development. Sustainable forest management uses very broad social, economic and environmental goals. Definition: The stewardship and use of forests and forest lands in a way, and at a rate, that maintains their biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity, vitality and their potential to fulfill, now and in the future, relevant ecological, economic and social functions, at local, national, and global levels, and that does not cause damage to other ecosystems. Attainment for balance between society's increasing demands for forest products and benefits, and the preservation of forest health and diversity.B. Explain the rationale for the TRIAD concept as it is applied to the management of large forested areas—(1) reserves, (2) extensively managed areas, and (3) intensively managed areas (e.g., plantations). Howcan it help to ensure "the greatest good [biological integrity and economic value], for the greatest number [of people, firms, and organisms], over the long run"?TRIAD acknowledges the need to produce wood and looks to harmonize forest uses, functions, and values, which would avoid or minimize resource use conflicts. Reserve Areas are where there is no harvesting. Extensive management areas are where there is multiple uses. Intensive management areas are where there is agroforestry, which is the raising of trees into farming. This preserves, conserves and utilizes. C. How long does it usually take to raise awareness, change values and attitudes, alter unsustainable behavior(s), and bring about a lasting change in forest conservation or environmental management (months, years, decades?)? How do these social, economic, and political changes play out? Provide some historical examples.D. Why is it important, if not essential, for scientists and managers (and the public and policymakers) to have a thorough knowledge of land and resource use history? Provide some examples of successful policies or programs that could inform and enhance forest conservation in the 21st century (e.g., the CCC adapted to urban needs and opportunities).E. What are the characteristics of even-aged and uneven-aged stands?F. What is the purpose of thinning a forest stand?G. Uneven-aged regeneration methods: single tree selection, small group selection, patch cuts (up to ~one mature height in diameter) …mimicking gap dynamicsClear cuttingH. Even-aged regeneration methods: shelterwood, patch retention (<1/2 of original stand), seed tree …mimicking stand replacement events (microburst, tornado, or hurricane damage, intermediate to high intensity wildfires, etc.)Shelterwood Method- 1) Preparatory cut…crown thinning to improve the vigor, resistance to wind damage, seed production, and growth rate of residual stand. 2) Seed Cut...creates openings, alters microclimate on the forest floor, and generates abundant seed ...to establish, yet protect seedlings with the “shelterwood.” 3) Removal Cut...harvesting the “shelterwood” to release the even-aged regeneration (now large saplings) and add to the total income of the stand treatment (now very valuable trees).Section 51. What are the consequences of forest conversion to residential, commercial, and industrial land use with respect to public water supplies, public health, and aquatic ecosystems (e.g., fish habitat)? In other words, how does conventional development change the quantity, timing, and quality of streamflow relative to the forest (reference) condition? How do LID techniques reduce the ecological footprint of residential and commercial areas? Use specific examples or features.2. What were the principal axes for the Canadian Forest Futures Project …defining the four scenarios? What do the four scenarios suggest about the benefits and costs of differing societal values with respect to “the greatest good, of the greatest number, over the long term?”Scenario A goods from the woods. Scenario B peace in the woods. Scenario C turbulence in the woods. Scenario D Restoration in the woods. 3. What are the functions and values of urban forests? Why is it important to practice urban and community forestry (in addition to sound arboriculture)? http://www.na.fs.fed.us/urban/ Where will this work be most beneficial?4. How can we simultaneously (1) reduce our reliance on wood products from other parts of the world, (2) minimize the conversion of forest land to other uses [reduce sprawl], (3) conserve or enhance terrestrial and aquatic biological diversity, and (4) reduce the adverse effects of global climate change? Be specific ...about practices and programs and their inter-relationship.5. How could we address the ecological issues in question 4, while simultaneously addressing social, psychological, and economic challenges? Treat causes not symptoms and be specific.16. What were the main findings of the Forests, Water, and People study?7. How are the staff and trustees of the Great Mountain Forest redefining (broadening the scope) of sustainable forest management in the 21st century (four boxes interconnected with each other and the Centennial logo, which represents the traditional multiple use/sustained yield approach to forestry)8. Cree culture, natural resources, and sustainability – what can we learn from the Cree and other indigenous people? Why should we (the dominant culture) endeavor to learn from indigenous people? What is an example of traditional ecological knowledge? (Hint: baby diapers)9. What are the key lessons that can be drawn from the Chesapeake Bay Project? (There are many: monitoring, mapping, and prioritization, cooperative approaches to restoration, riparian buffers, LID, cost-share and incentive programs for forest restoration and conservation, Stream Re-Leaf, etc, etc)10. Are we “better off” than a century ago with respect to the number of people per acre of forest land in New England? (see my essays from New England Forests)1 Hint: Between 2007 and 2011 the US prison population is expected to increase by 13% to 1,700,000. Among these prisoners are