NRC 225 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 12-26Lecture 12The ShakersPart of the United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second AppearingCommunitarian (but capitalist), agrarian (but not anti-technology), pacifist, egalitarianLived well into their 80’s because of their dietsHad a lot of mutual respect with Native Americans-learned healing processMother Ann Lee-church leadersRegarded work as a form of perfectionAgricultureCaring for the land (manuring, crop rotation, fallow)Unlike the rest of the country they stayed on the land their whole lifeDiversity of crops and livestockSite-specific adaptation, intergenerational teachingWhole foods…..simple, varied, nutritious appealingHerbal medicines and dietary supplementsDirect marketing (renowned quality)-sold their goods for top dollarManaging of ForestsFences lasted hundreds of years-didn’t have to replaceMethods: stand improvement, thinning from below, salvage and clean up, single tree selection, small group selection, path cutsBlack roof-to keep the house warmInvented the stove-only burned 1/3 amount of woodEnergy Conservation meant forest conservation and human time and energy conservation tooWood is a renewable resourceTrees grow and use carbon-wood burning uses carbonLecture #13George Perkins MarshFather was well educated so he snuck into his library and read his booksStarted writing about the effects of peoples actions“No one looked at the effects of all the axes”Saw the inherently destructive nature of our constant movement in AmericaWent the political route (U.S. Representative) but quit because he was too introvertBelieved the new world blindly follows the old world“With the disappearance of the forest all is changed”Looks at damage of fish habitat, damns, logging, forest destructionAsked to work on commissions to see these damages which inspired his bookWrote Man and NatureEffects of George Perkins MarshFranklin Hough brings the book to Congress and realizes he is rightUsed this information to start Catskill and Adirondack Forest PreserveOrganic Act of 1987-no national forest may be established except to improve and protect the ForestForest Preserves begin all over the countryMan and Nature influenced Gifford PinchotWhat relevance have Marsh’s environmental insights today?1. The inevitably of impact2. The primacy of the unexpected3. The singularity of human intent4. The necessity of stewardship5. The primacy of the amateurLecture #14Gifford PinchotWealthy from loggingWent to National School of Water and Forests-but never received a degreeCame up with the idea of protection forest-using a forest to stop erosion from a mountain from destroying a town at the bottom of a mountainFormed the Second American Forest Congress-this time the president is interested and wants to take actionU.S. Forest Service is developed-really came together with forest firesIdentify untouched forests and make them national forests-200 million acres of national forestTheodore RooseveltThought about government as a way to change daily life and future of AmericansConservation was a major part of his domestic policyWent on camping trips with John Burroughs and John MuirWilliam McKinleyMade Roosevelt vice president-was assassinated to Roosevelt became presidentTeddy Roosevelt is not re-elected and people begin undoing what he did saying it was illegalLecture #15The Weeks Act of 1911-Forest Conservation back East“The secretary of agriculture is hereby authorized and directed to examine, locate, and purchasesuch forested, cut-over, or denuded lands within the watersheds of navigable streams as in his judgment may be necessary to the regulation of the flow of navigable streams or the production of timber.”Raphael Zon“Of all the direct influences of the forest the influence upon the supply of water in streams and the regularity of their flow is the most important human in economy.”Wrote “Forests and Water in the Light of Scientific Investigation”Second coming of Man and NatureSome of Raphael’s findingsThe total discharge of rivers depends upon climateThe regularity of flow depends upon the storage capacity of the watershedForests tend to equalize streamflow throughout the yearForests retard snowmeltForests prevent erosionForests cannot prevent floods produced by exceptional precipitation, but they can mitigate their destructiveness.Decided were the forest wind breaks would be established for CCCHenry S. GravesChief U.S. forest service 1910-1920“Forests on critical watersheds should be owned by the public for their protective value.”Only opposition was from Joseph CannonJoseph CannonSpeaker of the house“Not one cent for scenery”Regarded as most powerful political speaker of house everFeuded with Theodore Roosevelt John WeeksDeveloped Weeks ActQuieter than Theodore RooseveltWeeks, Graves, and Zon were all Conservationists and butted head with CannonLecture #16Great Depression and Dust BowlEveryone’s starving-farming isn’t worth it-unemploymentWorld War I Veterans rally at Washington-thought to be a communist revolutionPolice kill 4 and injure 1,000 veteransCaused Hoover to be voted out of office and FDR to be voted inHugh Hammond BennetCalled the Gifford Pinchot of soil erosionTried to explain congress how important it was-no one listened until dust came to capitolFranklin D. RooseveltThe First 100 days-Civilian Conservation CorpsCivilian Conservation CorpsGave people warm bed, money, dignity, foodAverage person grew an inch and a half and gained 15 pounds$25 sent home to family; $5 spending money/monthEvery CCC enrollee benefited at least 14 people outside of programPlanted millions of treesFirefighting, construction, soil erosion control, flood response, aid, ect.George MarshallAuthor of the Marshall Plan that saved Europe from disintegrationUnderstood that these young men would be in armed forces in WWII-worked hardLEM’s Camp cook, mechanics, carpenters, welders, loggers, stone masons, construction, surveyors, equipment operatorsWorked in CCC campsLecture #17Aldo Leopold Changed how we look at relationship of people and earthCame up with Earth ethic that is more relevant todayWas way ahead of his time-ideas weren’t used until later in his lifeFather (conservationist) and mother encouraged himFirst generation of foresters-worked for forest serviceOrganized the game protection associationSaw that deer were bad for the forest if there was too much-stopped hunting wolves to let them regulate deerLand