NRC 225 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Exam 1 The most significant cause of changes in American forests since the 1700’s have been: human The success of the Catskill Mountain house is directly linked to: writers, paintings, and steamboats “The Man Who Planted Trees” is an accurate depiction of human nature and forest ecosystems By the 1800 the fur trade was a global enterprise, shipping 200,000 pelts, led to the formation ofthe Metis Early settlers built stone walls to facilitate planting, cultivating and growth of crops while protecting them from wildlife Early settlers could clear 2 acres of forest per year At the peak of agricultural clearing in southern New England 60-90 % of land was deforested When forests were first cleared most of the wood was piled and burned W.B. Greeley maps show most extensive deforestation from 1850-1920 Natural Succession is used to describe the ecological changes in forests John Burroughs was a naturalist writer The fur trade goods most highly prized by Indians were axes, knives, ect The Catskill Forest Preserve was established after water pollution from tanneries The recovery of many TB patients in the Adirondacks was attributed to avoiding contact with recent immigrants The Great Map was made by David Thompson for the Northwest Company The Harvard Forest Models show that most forests in southern New England are second growth In the first American landscape paintings people were absent Reconciling our Green and Black Souls was based on a provocative essay by John Fowles In the Robert Frost poem “Birthplace” describes the typical process of clearing The limiting condition for forest clearing in New England is community decision to retain wildlife The King’s Broad Arrow policy was intended to prevent colonists from cutting pine trees The widespread abandonment of farms was related to gold rush, casualties during Civil War, and new canals and railroads The North American fur trade was so profitable because of the very high demand for beaver pelts The first white men to reach the pacific ocean by land from the east were Sir Alexander MacKenzie and a small group of Metis people  Two trillion board feet were cut in about a century The most extensive and rapid changes in American forest occurred in the 1800’s Ojibway food included the “three sisters” wild rice, blueberries, maple sugar, and wild game “Cut and run” logging led to soil erosion, water pollution, more frequent flooding, and loss of biological diversity The Hudson River School was a school for artists painting natural landscapes Standard currency during the fur trade was large beaver peltThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Dolbeer steam engine and a spar tree made it possible to cut trees on steep slopes, rig skyline ropes, and replace horses During the 1800-1900’s loggers and logging camps depended on snow, ice roads, and rugged sleds The objway elders had grave concerns about the effects of the fur trade on the forest Acute and chronic are used to describe the extent of disturbance Bill Potter in Montana revitalized a pine forest by cutting dead, diseased, and dying trees over many years Also look into the open response questions for examWorksheet 3 Exam 1 Review-look at itExam 2 Patch cuts and small group selection cut are used to regenerate forests, enhance wildlife, diversify tree species George Perkins Marsh was a lawyer, businessman, member of Congress The CCC was organized and managed by the US Army and US dept. of agriculture A CCC enrollee received $5 per month, uniforms, and night school  Representative Joseph Cannon was one of the most powerful political leaders in U.S. history Most of the forests of the United States were cut at least once Wangari Maathai earned a PhD, Nobel Peace Prize, and was beaten and jailed Thinning a forest redistributes sunlight, water, and nutrients One key way the United Society of Believers (The Shakers) conserved forests was by developing small woodstoves for heating Forest fires are a natural disturbance mechanism that regenerates and renews many forest types A scientific sounding name for high grading is a diameter limit cut John Burroughs and John Muir were writers and naturalists who strongly influenced public opinion The shelter wood method traditionally uses three steps (prepatory, seed, and removal cuts) John Weeks, Henry Graves, and Raphael Zon worked together to establish new National Forests The first written record of the establishment of a “protection forest” dates from 1342 in Switzerland Wangari Maathai said “Environmental stewardship, democracy, and peace-you can’t have one without the others” Gifford Pinchot was instrumental in protecting millions of acres of U.S. forests with Theodore Roosevelt In the CCC the “LEM’s” were Local Experienced Men who performed skilled work and helped to train employee The species composition and age class diversity of New England’s forests have been substantiallyreduced by a combination of land clearing, farm abandonment, insects, and diseases Foresters use measurements or estimates of leaf area and tree crown volume to evaluate health,vigor, ect. The most important ecological function of riparian forests are providing shade Joseph Cannon said the “Not one cent for scenery” Key adaptions of trees like lodge pole ping, jack pine, pitch pin, and ponderosa pine to wildfire are Serotinous cones and thick bark with many layers Standing dead trees and large woody debris on the forest floor provide many important ecological functionsWorksheet 5 Exam 2 Review-look at itUrban and Community Forestry lecture (values and functions of urban forest) Manage forest in and around urban areas for the environmental, psychological, sociological, and economic benefits provided by trees The planting, care, and tending of an urban and community forestry program: education and awareness, policies and guidelines, mature tree care, planting new trees, building local capacity, partnerships, sustained fundingChesapeake Bay Program (key components and approaches) Oysters in Chesapeake Bay become exhaustible from 1953-2000 Used both a top-down and a bottom-up approach