NRC 225 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 11Lecture 1 Cognitive Dissonance- saying one thing and doing the otherVery common with preservation of forestsHumans use nature to sell products ex. A jeep is shown in the woodsWe all know that cutting trees are bad so why do we cut them? Market demand, abundant supply, renewable resource, versatile, out of sight out of mindLecture 2Learning ecological history from artPerception, values, and attitudes about forests are reinforced by the media, art, literature, and experienceEveryone is an environmentalist (no one is anti-environmentalist)Complete preservation is not possible-conservation is the only viable choiceLecture 3Portugal and Spain they make corks from tree bark for hundreds of yearsThe creation of plastic corks ruined most of the forests and endanger speciesGrandma Moses (1860-1961)Goal: Learning from people and communities who lived in harmony with naturePainted because she had arthritisLecture 4The Man Who Planted TreesSet in deserted town in the Alps in the early 1900’s. The land is deserted and barren. People are depressed and dying and the spring that used to be there is dried up. The former people of the village were charcoal burners and because of this had a lot of anger, hatred, suicide, and homicide problems in their town.The man who planted trees was name Elzeard Bouffier he had lost his wife and son and lived alone in the woods. Each day he collected acorns and planted trees the next day. One day the main character is traveling through the land and sees the man and asks him for water. Elzeard Bouffier quietly invites him into his home but continues his work with the acorns. The main character leaves and fights in the war of 1914. When he returns to the land the trees had grown taller there were now people living happily there and the spring had running water. The wild animals had returned.At the end of the story a forest service official comes to the town and claimed that the man who planted trees was the wisest man in the world and had truly found happinessLecture 5The Fur Trade (1600-1850)Although the English people thought they were getting a good deal the Indians made off better because fur to the Indians was relatively value-less compared to the goods they were getting-Indians wouldn’t have made it without cash from the fur trade to get them through the winter1650-Trading in Springfield MassachusettsInitial establishment of the Bay Colony took place here1810-Trading locations become citiesFort Dearborn, Illinois becomes ChicagoSt. Louis big part in trading because its near the MississippiMost important fur trade in the world is Montreal on St. Laurent RiverHunting of beavers increases rapidlyFamous Trading CompaniesNorthwest CompanyThe Great Hall Fort William, OntarioHudson Bay Company-ultimately won out (eventually buy Northwest Company)Annual Rendezvous of Northwest Company, Surveyors and Guides, and tradersPlanned out the next year of tradingExploration (1789-1793)Sir Alexander Mackenzie from England-no maps or knowledge of forests and peopleLewis and Clark-AmericaDavid Thompson-worked for Hudson Bay Company-talented at mapping outMade the great mapLecture 6Course of EventsExploration, contact, and trade from East to WestMade possible because of network of rivers and lakesStrategic sites for Trading Posts (local economy)Geography w/r to tribes largely unplannedOften times they couldn’t even speak the same languagesCooperation and alliances(Traders and native people…intermarriage)Both sides benefit from the tradesCoexistence, competition, and conflictLoss of traditional skills=dependence on tradersDisplacement by logging, farming, settlementsSo efficient that it was the fore runner of the more obvious changesLandscape was forever transformedConflicts between Native Americans rose because they were competing to trade and now had weapons-tribe with bigger and better weapons won-others cease to existForest Ecosystem Effects (1700-present)Of the extirpation of beaverOn wetlands, Streams and rivers, Waterfowl, Fish communitiesOf the reduction/elimination of predators (large and small)Prey, Population cycles, Forest vegetation, Forest successionLecture 7Massachusetts Forests: 1700-1800 loss of forest, 1800-1900 forest growing, 1900-2000 loss 1700-landscape is only shaped by natural disturbances-people live among trees1730-clearing of about 2-3 acres for farming1830-Farming is growing rapidly-60-90% of forests are cleared1850-introduction of steam boats-landscapes are destroyed for wood1853-Pope and Talbot Saw mill in Maine brought to Washington-huge success1861-Civil War used Springfield Rifled Muskets-4 million made needed charcoal, trees for wood1870-Age of Steel-Transcontinental Railway finishedPushing farther west-Native Americans race to get to the west coastLecture 8Night Flying WomenClose knit community who respected their elders-very organized clansForest was a living thing that humans were a part of-not a natural resourceOjibway people used seasonal patterns to comprise a typical year ex. Rice and fishDreams and visions influenced clan-if someone has the gift they take it very seriouslyOver several generation the “white strangers” move inSome embrace it others do not-pushed deeper and deeper into the forestOjibway try to reconcile or combine their old ways of life with their new ways by trying to pass on their new beliefs to their kids and trying to use new technologiesOjibway came up with a treaty to control the white strangers but it didn’t workLecture 9Logging-very strategic process but still very dangerous and difficult workOrganized camps for loggersLogging moves out west but the trees are too big and the old techniques don’t workNew technologiesShay locomotive-pushing logs up 13.5% gradeSkyline Logging2 trillion board feet of wood used and taken from forests-need for conservation beginsInexhaustibility-animals going extinct and forests are disappearingLecture 10Several famous artists draw inspiration from the CatskilssWashing Irving-First American writing of cascadesJames Fennimore Cooper-famous writer-The Leatherstocking TalesJohn Burrows-first bonified naturalist who wrote essays about CatskillsThomas Cole-painterAsher Durand-painterCatskill becomes easily accessibleCatskill Mountain House in the 1900’s instead of campingLots of ways to get there-trains, boats, linersTannery in the CatskillsPrattville Tannery-finest leather in the worldDestroyed 90% of hemlocks for