MCB2004 Microbiology Exam 2 Study Guide What happens in transcription and translation Transcription RNA is produced from DNA Translation Proteins are produced from RNA o DNA RNA o RNA Proteins Know what the enzyme reverse transcriptase does and what it is used for in the lab Reverse transcriptase is used to make complementary DNA cDNA from an mRNA template Reverse Transcription RT PCR can be used to amplify any kind of RNA Explain the classification hierarchy Kingdom o Phylum Class Order o Family Genus Species Pneumonic Device Kings Play Chess On FiberGlass Stools Know the names of the sub divisions of the phylum Proteobacteria alpha beta etc Classes of Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Betaproteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Deltaproteobacteria Epsilonproteobacteria Know the infectious agent that causes stomach ulcers Helicobacter pylori causes stomach ulcers Phylum Proteobacteria o Gram negative Class Epsilonproteobacteria 1 MCB2004 Microbiology Exam 2 Study Guide Know what diseases can be caused by species of Chlamydia and how they are transmitted Know the name of the form of Chlamydia that briefly live outside host cells and can be transferred from host to host Chlamydiae gram negative phylum Obligate intracellular parasites o Can t survive without metabolites from host Life Cycle o Reticulate Body Growing vegetative form that remains within host cells o Elementary Body More environmentally resistant form that can survive outside host cells Cannot survive on surfaces Must be spread by intimate contact Elementary body is transmitted in STD chlamydia Important Species o Chlamydia trachomatis Causes STD chlamydia Can cause conjunctivitis eye infection o Chlamydia psittaci Causes parrot fever spread by bird droppings Major problem for immunocompromised patients o Chlamydophila pneumoniae Causes atypical pneumonia Know the name of the bacteria that we discussed that completely lacks cell walls Phylum Firmicutes o Gram positive low G C Class Mollicutes o Wall less bacteria o Small genomes o Small cell size o Common contaminant of human cell line cultures o Hard to detect Important Species o Mycoplasma pneumoniae Causes atypical bacterial pneumonia NOT the same as mycobacterium Technically grouped with gram positives but does not hold up because they lack cell walls o Similar to gram positives genetically Know the bacteria that produces botulinum toxin Know the bacteria that produce tetanus toxin Notes 2 MCB2004 Microbiology Exam 2 Study Guide Phylum Firmicutes o Gram positive low G C Class Clostridia Order Clostridiales Clostridium Obligate anaerobic spore formers o Major toxin producers o Clostridium botulinum Causes botulism Food borne pathogen o Clostridium tetani Causes tetanus Used to vaccinate against tetanus Know the names of the bacterial genera that are enteric bacteria Enterobacteriales Order Enterobacteriales o Peritrichous flagella o Facultatively anaerobic can grow with or without oxygen but better with oxygen o Food borne pathogens plague bacteria o Common constituent of gut bacteria Important Species o Enterobacter o Erwinia o Escherichia Most common Usually not pathogenic Model system o Klebsiella o Proteus o Salmonella Pathogenic Often a food born pathogen carried in poultry Common in animals Many serovars different variations S typhi causes Typhoid fever o Serratia Pink bacteria Can grow in a poorly trended shower Can cause illness if immunocompromised Often a food borne pathogen o Shigella o Yersinia Y pestis Causes bubonic plaque Black death 3 MCB2004 Microbiology Exam 2 Study Guide Transmitted by fleas on rats Killed 30 60 of Europe s population in the 14th century Know what the MMRV vaccine protects against MMRV Vaccine o Protects against Measles Mumps Rubella Varicella zoster chicken pox Know the name of the bacterium that causes necrotizing fasciitis Phylum Firmicutes o Gram positive low G C Order Lactobacillaceae Family Streptococcaceae Streptococcus pyogenes Group A Streptococcus GAS o Causes Scarlet fever Strep throat Rheumatic fever Necrotizing fasciitis flesh eating bacteria Something to worry about in a hospital setting Healthy people don t necessarily know what their natural flora is made up of could be asymptomatic carriers Know which human tissues the Plasmodium malaria organism passes through in its life cycle Plasmodium passes through the blood the liver in its life cycle Know which viral disease that we discussed has been eradicated by vaccination programs Smallpox has been fully eradicated by vaccination programs Know the differences between a cutaneous subcutaneous or systemic fungal infection Mycoses Fungal diseases Systemic Mycoses Deep within the body Subcutaneous Mycoses Beneath the skin Cutaneous Mycoses Affect hair skin and nails Superficial Mycoses Localized 4 MCB2004 Microbiology Exam 2 Study Guide o Ex Hair shafts Know what an opportunistic infection is Opportunistic Infection Infection caused by a normal environmental fungus bacterium virus protozoan that becomes pathogenic in an immunocompromised host Probably causes a systemic disease Most fungi we discussed affect immunocompromised hosts There are a few that affect normal healthy hosts know these Fungal Phylum Ascomycota Blastomyces dermatitidis o Systemic mycoses o Endemic in many parts of US o Farmers forestry workers etc at risk Histoplasma capsulatum o Systemic mycoses o Can be inhaled in bird bat droppings o Poultry workers cleaners encountering bad droppings etc at risk Microsporum Trichophyton o Cutaneous mycoses Know what type of eukaryotic algae the gelling agents agar and carrageenan are harvested from Rhodophyta Red Algae True algae primary endosymbiotic algae Cellulose cell walls Most are multicellular Chlorophyll a d Phycobiliproteins Store glucose polymer Harvested for agar carrageenan Seaweed in sushi Secondary endosymbiotic algae usually descended from nasty predatory protozoa not used in food production Know what type of eukaryotic organism caused the Irish potato famine Genus Oomycetes Phytophthora infestans Causative agent of the Irish potato famine o Secondary endosymbiotic algae 5 MCB2004 Microbiology Exam 2 Study Guide Know within what phylum roundworms and flatworms are classified Phylum Platyhelminthes o Flatworms Phylum Nematoda o Roundworms Wolbachia Class Alphaproteobacteria Live in insects other animals Endosymbiont of filarial worms Know what type of organisms Wolbachia endosymbionts are o Required for a worm to be able to reproduce If eliminated
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