Prefrontal cortex Executive Functions Planning Decision making Introspection correlated with size Organize thoughts and actions to carry out goals Social control Morality Personality Superior Frontal Gyrus Contains part of prefrontal cortex Activated during introspection Important for planning movement Middle Frontal Gyrus Part of prefrontal cortex Complex behaviors such as attention and lying Inferior Frontal Gyrus Part of prefrontal cortex Important for controlling impulsivity High inferior frontal activity low risk taking behavior Broca s Area Part of the Inferior Frontal Gyrus Important for speech production Named for Dr Paul Broca who studied the area Broca s Aphasia Aphasia is the loss of ability to understand or express speech Broca s aphasia caused when this area is damaged Also called expressive or agrammatic aphasia Speech is labored disjointed non fluent Word comprehension okay grammar lost Pre Motor Cortex Mirror Neurons Discovered in the macaque monkey pre motor cortex Activates when the monkey does an action but also when another monkey does the same action Has been observed in neurons of humans as well using epilepsy patients Implications for understanding intentions learning and empathy Post Central Gyrus Primary Sensory Cortex Sensory Homunculus Areas with finer sensory discrimination have more cortex Dermatomes spread out over large areas are smaller on the homunculus Occipital Lobe Primary Visual Cortex Primary visual cortex receives input from eyes via limbic areas Damage to this area causes blindsight No perception of sight but can navigate mazes and perform other visual tasks Temporal Lobe Important for hearing memories object recognition language and emotion Superior Temporal Gyrus Primary Auditory Cortex Tonotopic map Damage to this area removes awareness of sound Patients still respond reflexively to startling noises Middle Temporal Gyrus Important area for sensory integration plus language Associated with auditory verbal hallucinations in and semantic memory schizophrenia Inferior Temporal Gyrus Important area for complex visual processing Wernicke s Area Language comprehension area Language abilities usually focused on left side of brain Damage to this area causes Wernicke s or fluent aphasia Patients language has normal rhythm but doesn t make sense Different from Broca s aphasia Parietal Lobe Integrates the sensory systems into a single world view that is unique for each person Cortical Areas Summary Other structures on the medial surface Pathologies of Meninges Meningitis Inflammation of meninges Caused by bacteria or virus Swelling in the subarachnoid space Increases intracranial pressure Brain Injuries Blood can collect between meningeal layers Epidural hematoma Subdural hematoma Subarachnoid hemorrhage Increases intracranial pressure Olfactory Bulb Underlies sense of smell Connected to amygdala emotional reaction to scents Ventricles Four ventricles 2 lateral ventricles 3rd ventricle 4th ventricle Filled with cerebral spinal fluid Ventricular System Circulation of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Flows from 2 lateral ventricles 3rd ventricle 4th ventricle Central canal of the spinal cord Subarachnoid space Posterior Cerebral Artery Anterior Cerebral Artery Middle Cerebral Artery Phrenology Today
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