PCB3743 Vertebrate Physiology Summer 2014 Exam 2 Study Guide Exam 2 will be May 30 Friday at 9 30am in King 1024 usual lecture time place Exam 2 will cover lectures 7 12 Fox Chapters 8 9 and 10 The exams will cover the topics discussed in lecture with additional details drawn from the textbook chapters Topics not covered in lecture will not be on the exam as noted below Remember that the lecture slides and recordings are posted for your review on Blackboard The exam format will be 60 multiple choice ll in the blank matching questions using scantronics forms You will have 75 min the full lecture period to complete the exam Chapter 8 Central Nervous System 13th p207 212 236 239 12th p 204 209 231 235 1 Know the very basic anatomy of the CNS as mentioned in lecture spinal cord brainstem cerebellum cerebrum cerebral cortex gyrus sulcus ventricles CSF spinal nerves vs cranial nerves Central Nervous System CNS consists of Brain Spinal Cord Brainstem Lower part of the brain consisting of the medulla oblongata pons Cerebellum Second largest structure of the brain made up of grey white matter located posteriorly Cerebrum Largest portion of the brain that is primarily responsible for higher mental functions o Consists of right left hemispheres Cerebral Cortex Outer portion of the cerebrum composed of gray matter underlying white matter and characterized by numerous folds grooves o Divided into lobes frontal parietal temporal occipital insula o Bark of the brain where cerebral neurons are located Gyrus The bulging part of a wrinkle on the cortex elevated folds Sulcus The valley of the fold in between the wrinkles fissures Ventricles Cavities of the brain Cerebrospinal Fluid CSF Fluid produced and found within the ventricles also found in the spinal cord Spinal Nerves Sensory and motor nerves that come straight to and from the Cranial Nerves Sensory and motor nerves that come straight to and from the spinal cord brain 1 PCB3743 Vertebrate Physiology Summer 2014 Exam 2 Study Guide 2 Be able to point to the 4 different lobes of the cerebrum Fox Figure 8 5a 3 Understand the homunculus of the motor and somatosensory cortex Homunculus little person Topographic map of sensory input to the somatosensory cortex and motor output of the motor cortex Parts of the body with the highest density of sensory receptors get a bigger share of the somatosensory cortex dedicated to processing Parts of the body with the finest motor control most muscles get a bigger share of the motor cortex 2 PCB3743 Vertebrate Physiology Summer 2014 Exam 2 Study Guide You do NOT need to review 13th 213 236 12th p 210 231 Chapter 9 Autonomic Nervous System 4 Be able to compare contrast the sympathetic SNS and parasympathetic PNS nervous systems Sympathetic Nervous System SNS Most neurons arise within spinal cord project Parasympathetic Nervous System PNS Nerves from brainstem spinal cord run to to target organs Nerves from spinal cord run to chain ganglia or collateral ganglia Fight or flight Project to glands smooth muscle Mobilize energy Divert blood to muscle Prepare to fight flee glands smooth muscle Rest and digest Prepare for digestion Energy storage Divert blood flow to gut digestive organs 3 PCB3743 Vertebrate Physiology Summer 2014 Exam 2 Study Guide You do NOT need to memorize all the speci c effects of the autonomic nervous system but be familiar with the examples covered in lecture MOST IMPORTANT Pupils Sweating Fight or flight response increased blood flow to legs increased heart rate Rest digest response decreased heart rate increased blood flow to gut 4 PCB3743 Vertebrate Physiology Summer 2014 Exam 2 Study Guide 5 Know the general location of the preganglionic cell bodies and the ganglionic cell bodies Parasympathetic Ganglia cord Sympathetic Ganglia Preganglionic cell bodies located in brainstem at the sacral level of the spinal Ganglia located near or in the target organ Postganglionic cells send short fibers from ganglia to target cells Preganglionic cell bodies located in spinal cord Ganglia make up the sympathetic chain of ganglia that parallels the spinal cord on each lateral side Postganglionic fibers join spinal nerves 6 Recognize the parts of Fox Figure 9 5 do NOT need to memorize any of the speci c nerves or what nerve projects to which organ 5 PCB3743 Vertebrate Physiology Summer 2014 Exam 2 Study Guide 7 Understand the sympathetic chain ganglia and adrenal medulla circuitry in particular Sympathetic Chain of Paravertebral Ganglia Interconnected rows of ganglia that parallel the spinal cord on each lateral side Connected to spinal roots by o White Ramus Preganglionic fibers myelinated going into ganglion o Gray Ramus Postganglionic fibers unmyelinated leaving ganglion Convergence of inputs leads to mass activation of postganglionic neurons Postganglionic fibers join spinal nerves innervate blood vessels in skeletal muscles skin Adrenal Medulla Circuitry Adrenal medulla secretes hormones epinephrine norepinephrine when stimulated by sympathetic nervous system Can be thought of as a modified sympathetic ganglion Cells derived from same embryonic tissue that forms postganglionic sympathetic Cells of the adrenal medulla innervated by preganglionic sympathetic fibers Preganglionic fibers stimulate medullary cells to secrete epinephrine norepinephrine into the blood Epinephrine norepinephrine have complementary effects Adrenal medulla is stimulated as part of the mass activation of the sympathetic neurons system 8 Know the major neurotransmitters used by the SNS and PNS neurons Sympathetic Nervous System SNS Parasympathetic Nervous System PNS Acetylcholine ACh released by Acetylcholine ACh released by preganglionic nerves to stimulate nicotinic receptors on postganglionic cells preganglionic nerves to stimulate nicotinic receptors Exception sympathetic fibers to sweat glands ACh also released by postganglionic cells to use ACh Norepinephrine NE released by stimulate or inhibit target tissues via muscarinic receptors postganglionic cells to stimulate or inhibit target tissues via adrenergic receptors Both sympathetic parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release ACh to stimulate nicotinic receptors on postganglionic cells 6 PCB3743 Vertebrate Physiology Summer 2014 Exam 2 Study Guide 9 Understand the regulation of pupil constriction and dilation and the drugs used to test pupil size The eye has dual innervation it is innervated by both sympathetic parasympathetic fibers Sympathetic stimulation causes pupil
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