5/2$Bio$Lecture$• Know$that$log$1$is$0$and$the$log$of$10$is$1$and$log$of$100$is$2,$etc.$for$the$final,$no$calculator$is$needed$on$the$test.$• Organisms$pump$blood$to$carry$oxygen.$The$circulatory$system$is$in$contact$with$a$pump$(the$heart),$somewhere$to$pick$up$the$oxygen$(respiratory$surface),$and$cells$to$pick$up$waste$p rodu cts.$$• Fluid$flows$from$high$to$low$pressure.$$• Clams$–$low$metabolic$rate,$don’t$need$a$lot$of$blood$flow.$Have$a$very$low$pressure$heart.$Contracts$and$pumps$blood$into$open$spaces.$Some$of$the$blood$goes$over$the$gills.$Low$pressure,$open$circulatory$system.$Not$concerned$with$gravity$and$has$a$low$metabolic$rate.$Most$clams$are$small.$Not$concerned$with$gravity$because$they$are$in$wat er.$$• Grasshopper$–$open$circulatory$system.$Has$a$tubular$heart.$Contracts$and$shoots$blood$out$of$the$arteries.$When$heart$rela x es$it$sucks$blood$back$in.$grasshopper$is$small,$gravity$isn’t$really$a$problem.$Low$metabolic$activity.$In$this$kind$of$system,$you$cannot$direct$blood$flow$to$any$particular$area,$you$cant$regulate$it$where$you$need$it.$• Question$on$diffusion$distances$vs$volume$• Why$cant$we$use$an$open$system$–$too$big,$high$metabolic$activity,$terrestrial$• The$greater$the$pressure$the$greater$the$flow$$Animals$Motions$• Force$requires$energy$• 3$possible$substrates$–$water$air$and$land$• transport$cost$vs$mass$chart$–$can$infer$that$running$has$a$higher$cost$than$flying$or$swimming.$$This$is$why$animals$that$can$fly$can$go$over$farther$distances,$because$it$is$cheaper$to$do.$Running$is$the$most$expensive$form$of$locomotion.$Inverse$relationship$between$body$mass$and$transport$cost.$$• There$are$more$forms$of$swimming$than$there$are$flying$or$running.$• Substrate$properties$effect$what$happens.$$• High$viscosity$–$produces$friction,$have$to$move$against$friction$• 2$things$u$have$to$overcome$2$move$–$friction$and$gravity$• water$must$be$displaced$and$moved,$allows$you$to$do$work.$• Either$reduce$friction$or$use$it$to$your$advantge$• 3$kinds$of$swimming$–$recoil,$appendicular$(penguin,$use$limbs),$axial$(bending$of$the$body,$tuna)$• to$increase$speed$with$recoil$locomotion$increase$momentum$• recoil$prolblems$–$1.$water$has$to$be$contained$within$the$body,$so$thre$is$a$lmit$of$how$much$water$you$can$expel,$2.$its$intermittent.$$• Appendicular$locomotion$–$momentum$is$provided$by$the$limbs.$2$ways$of$appendicular$locomotion.$$• If$you$are$immersed$in$a$fluid,$you$can$used$lift$based$locomotion,$which$is$more$efficient$than$drag$based$locomotion.$• Axial$locomotion$–$the$bulk$of$swimmers$on$the$planet,$the$most$common$form$of$locomotion$and$the$most$efficient.$Use$big$body$muscles$to$move.$$• Induced$dragY$$due$to$lift$generating$structures$$• If$your$aspect$ratio$is$greater$than$five$then$you$are$going$ot$be$a$fast$swimmer$• Flying$–$requires$the$most$specialized$adaption,$air$has$low$viscosity$and$low$density,$difficult$to$support$yourself$bc$of$this.$$• Gliding$requires$a$big$surface$area.$$• To$fly$fast$you$need$a$high$aspect$ratio$• Furcula$–$an$elastic$bone$that$stores$energy$• High$aspect$ratio$–$high$speed$and$high$lift$• Animals$with$erect$leg$posture$can$breathe$while$they$run$• Bears$have$te$most$stble$foot$posture$• Bears$are$more$movable$• Speed$goes$up,$maneuverability$and$stability$goes$down$–$deer$bear$and$human$chart$• Running$underwater$–$hippo$$• TEST$QUESTION$–$where$wud$hippos$be$on$this$graph?$$(the$flying$running$an$dswimming$graph).$$• TEST$QUETSION$$Y$a$creature$immersed$in$a$substrate$,$a$burrowing$animal$–$where$would$it$fit$on$this$graph?$$• Where$is$the$transport$cost$going$to$be$on$the$graph$and$body$mass?$•
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