Review Sheet (Origins of Eukaryotes – Protistan Diversity) Origins of Eukaryotes1. Name and Explain 6 Key Eukaryotic Features- Nuclear envelope- Endosymbiotic organelleso Mitochondria (all eukaryotes)o Chloroplasts (photosynthetic protists, algae, and plants)- Splicesomal introns- Dynamic cytoskeletono Asymmetrical growth, cell shape changes possible- Sexual reproduction- Linear chromosomes2. Explain the origin of the nucleus and how it related to other eukaryotic organelles. - In-foldings of the plasma membrane that surrounded chromso ER aided in formation3. What is a functional reason for the evolution of a nuclear envelope?- To defend against introns- Splicing and translating would happen in same place4. Draw a picture to explain Lynn Margulis’s Endosymbiotic theory. - Anerobic eukaryotes engulf aerobic bacteria which gave ATP- Mutualistic relationship5. Provide proof for the Endosymbiotic theory.- 4 membranes in cell/ 2 nuclei- Nucleus has mitochondrial genes- 3 membranes from the outside in6. Explain the differences between chloroplast DNA and Mitochondrial DNA. Discuss evolutionary history.- chloroplasts- photosynthetic aerobic bacteriao would be poly phyletic- mitochondria- aerobic7. Explain the evolutionary benefits of sex. Include why it might be “more beneficial” than binary fission or mitosis.- Gets rid of mutations-8. What problems are associated with the linearity of eukaryotic chromosomes? What is the solution?- Solution= telomerase, fills in gap at the end by linking onto the end which is used, then goes on to do the same job for another DNA-Protistan Diversity9. Explain the difference between monophyletic and paraphyletic. How do these terms apply to protists?- Monophyletic- diverged from one common ancestor- Paraphyletic- from the common ancestor, not all the organisms that branch off are in that groupprotists (green plants, animals, fungi make protists paraphyletic)10. Fill in the blanks on the diagram below - From the bottom hash up- nucleus, aerobic/heterotrophic, plastids (cholorplasts)11. Explain the plastid and why it cannot be considered a shared derived characteristic?-12. How do protists relate to the theories of Lynn Margulis?- Protist engulf a plastid, protist has 3 membranes so you see 4 membranes13. What is particularly interesting about the chloroplast membrane? What does this imply about itsendosymbiotic process?14. Explain the origin of each membrane in the diagram below.1. Cds2. Sds3. Wd4. Sd15. Where did chloroplasts initially evolve and to what group were they transferred to? How was this relationship determined?- Originally evolved in cyanobacteriao Green algae transferred to evelogeso Red transferred to c16. Provide proof present in organisms to support the secondary endosymbiotic theory.- 2 distinct nuclei, 1 nuclear plastid17. What does the DNA of the Nucleomorph suggest about evolution?18. Explain the decrease in genome size of Nucleomorph?19. Explain the link between kinetoplastida and R. gracilis? 20. What are the oceans primary produces? By what means do they obtain energy?- Photosynthetic protists21. Draw and Explain 3 methods of protist movement? Include what environment each method is best suited for. - Flagella- flapping, like sperm, found in open water- Cilia- found in the ocean, barrel spinning motion- Pseudopodia- slides it forward, pushes part of cytoskeleton out and moves it forward, found on land or in ocean22. What do organisms require to have sex?- Gametes- Diploid phaseHaploid phase-
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