Prokaryotic & Archaea: Themes of DiversityWhat the heck are the Archaea?Looking for ArcheaeSome ArchaeaFig 6.7: Membrane PhospholipidsReview of Membrane PhospholipidsFig 6.10Fig 6.12 Liquid or solid? Saturation & chain lengthFig 6.11: Unsaturation: More Fluid & More permeableTo make a membrane more fluid:Fig 6.4: Membrane PhospholipidsArchaea plasma membranesMembrane lipid side chainsArchaea phospholipidArchaeal & Bacterial Membrane PhospholipidsTable 27.2Evolutionary Themes & Diversification of Bacteria and ArchaeaFig 27.11: Morphological DiversityChapter 27: Things to ExamineDiseases: The PlagueSlide 21PowerPoint PresentationY. pestisY. pestis : evolution at its most dangerousLyme Disease (see your text!)Bioremediation Possible because of prokaryotic diversityRobinson’s Strategy: selectionExample of this strategy:Other attempts: Exxon Valdez oil spill (11 million gallons of crude oil); March 1989The recent disaster: too large to remediateSlide 31The EndProkaryotic & Archaea: Themes of DiversityChapter 28What the heck are the What the heck are the Archaea?Archaea?http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaea.htmlLooking for ArcheaeSome ArchaeaFig 6.7: Membrane PhospholipidsFig 6.7: Membrane PhospholipidsReview of Membrane PhospholipidsReview of Membrane PhospholipidsFig 6.10Fig 6.12 Liquid or solid?Saturation & chain lengthFig 6.11:Fig 6.11:Unsaturation:Unsaturation:More FluidMore Fluid& More& MorepermeablepermeableTo make a membrane more fluid:•Decrease length of phospholipid fatty acid or isoprene side chains•Increase degree of unsaturation (increse # of double bonds) in fatty acid side chains•NOTE: reverse is true to decrease fluidityFig 6.4: Membrane PhospholipidsFig 6.4: Membrane PhospholipidsArchaea plasma membranesArchaea plasma membranesMembrane lipid side chainsMembrane lipid side chainsArchaea phospholipidArchaeal & BacterialMembrane PhospholipidsTable 27.2Table 27.2Evolutionary Themes & Diversification of Evolutionary Themes & Diversification of Bacteria and ArchaeaBacteria and Archaea•Morphological Diversity•Metabolic DiversityRemember why the rate of evolution and the generation of diversity is high!Fig 27.11: Morphological DiversityChapter 27: Things to Examine•Diseases•Bioremediation•Extremophiles•Global Change (revisited later today and in the semester)•Nitrogen Cycle and “Dead Zones”Diseases: The Plague•Yersinia pestis•Rod shaped•Facultative anaerobeDiseases: The Plague•Killed over 100 million people•China lost 1/2 of its population•Europe lost 1/3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bubonic_plague_map.PNGY. pestis•Life cycle utilizes a mammalian host and a flea host•Lives embedded in a biofilm in gut of flea•Flea tries to eat but regurgitates blood into hostY. pestis : evolution at its most dangerous•Produces a number of specific proteins that insure growth in host–Prevents blood clots in host–Prevents detection by host immune system–Induces apoptosis (death) by host macrophages (phagocytic cells of host immune system)–Kills host lymphocytesLyme Disease (see your text!)BioremediationPossible because of prokaryotic diversity•Inventor: George M. Robinson–1960’s in Santa Marie CA –Petroleum engineer–Invented “Bug-Brews”Robinson’s Strategy: selectionOILCollection or soup of microbesSurviving bacteriametabolize or detoxify componentsof oilExample of this strategy:Other attempts: Exxon Valdezoil spill (11 million gallons of crude oil); March 1989The recent disaster: too large to remediateThe recent disaster: too large to remediateThe EndSee you in early
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