Gas Exchange 1. How is pressure defined in physics? How is pressure defined in biology? What is the difference?2. Explain how the partial pressure of O2 changes with altered elevation. 3. Calculate the partial pressure of O2 and Nitrogen at sea level. 4. Explain why diffusion occurs using the equation of Gibbs free energy.5. Define the rate of diffusion and provide means by which it could be increased.6. What characteristics have organisms evolved in order to enhance the rate of diffusion?- Respitory surfaces increase SA- Decreased distance (deltaX)7. What environmental manipulations will decrease the Pgas dissolved? Explain.- Increase temp- Increase solute decreases partial pressure of gas and amount that’s dissolved (deltaP) smaller difference in concentration8. What are the challenges associated with the movement of metabolism’s products and reactants? What solutions have organisms evolved?- By products: co2- Reactant: o2- Ex/ running co2 increases, carbonic anhydrase converts co2 to H+, CO2+H2O (CA) H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-o pH decreaseso bohr shifto p50 increases: o2 in tissues increaseo pH increases: bohr shift left9. Explain the role of carbonic anhydrase in a human during times of increased activity. 10. Explain what occurs when a human hyperventilates.- Co2 leaves blood bc lbreathing more than usual, so- Decrease in co2 decrease conc. Of protonsmore basic- P50 decreases- Oxygen unloading by hemoglobin decreases, shift in left- *know what causes a bohr shift11. By what means do animals provide oxygen to their tissues?- Gill and lungs= large surface areaso Bulk flow circulation- blood; ventilation- air-12. What characteristics have evolved in gills and lungs to increase oxygen uptake? - Large surface area- affects Area- Counter current- change of pressure- Negative pressure inside lungs- Capillaries- Moist surfaces13. What principles to reptiles, amphibians and mammals utilize in order to enhance oxygen uptake? - Large surface area- Close connection to capillaries (deltaX)- Parallel current decrease deltaP14. Explain the 2 methods of inflation. Which method occurs in humans?- Inhalationnegative pressure, suck air in (positive pressure for inhalation is blowing air in)- Exhalation15. What respiratory characteristics are present in birds but not in humans? How do these adaptations suit the respiratory needs of birds? - Little dead space- area where gas exchange isn’t happening (humans dead space is until it hits the lungs, in the mouth about 8 inches)birds minimize that space- Exhange gasses through inhalation and exhalation (look at picture)- Lung capillaries cross parabronchi perpendicularly 16. Sketch a hemoglobin molecule, label its components, and explain how its structure relates directly to its function. -17. Draw and explain the Hemoglobin-Oxygen binding curve. Explain the property responsible for the sigmoidal binding curve. What would the curve look like if this property were not present?-18. How would a Bohr shift affect the curve? What causes this type of shift?Nutrient Assimilation I1. Create an experiment to determine whether transport of solute X is simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion or active diffusion.-2. What information does the Oil/Water Partition Coefficient provide regarding a solute? Explain the experimental procedure by which the coefficient is established.- Tells if solute is polar or non polaro In oil non polar will go througho In water polar3. How is Oil/Water Partition Coefficient related to simple diffusion through the membrane? - High oil/water partition coefficient will diffuse4. Why is H2O an outlier in this graph given its polar nature?5. How are Tmax and Ka related to facilitated diffusion?- Ka= conc. You need to hit half of tmax- Tmax= max rate6. Provide examples of facilitated diffusion in a human and explain what they transport and where they operate.- Glut1-glucose- Aquaporins-h2o- Na channel7. Explain direct and indirect uses of ATP in solute transport. Create a detailed sketch describing each process and relating the 2 types of active transport. Antiport or symbort?- naK atpase- glucose in-symportWater and Solute Regulation 1. How do the polar properties of water aid in its various applications? What causes hydrogen bonds?- Dipole makes water polar- Result of polar properties- cohesionbind to other molecules; adhesionbind to surface2. What properties of water make it a good solvent?- High boiling point liquid in livable temps, if it had lover BP it would boil at low temps3. Define osmotic pressure and describe how it is calculated. - Pi= RT delta C4. Equilibrium can be achieved through 2 major methods. Draw and explain these. How are each ofmethods implemented in vivo -5. Sketch a cell in hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions. Signify which way water would move and define the result. 6. Explain the graph on the board:7. On 1 graph, show an osmoconformer stenohaline/euryhaline and an osmoregulator stenohaline/euryhaline. Explain.8. How does ∏ of an osmoconformer change is different environments?- Changes to environments pressure9. How do osmoconformers adjust internal solute concentration?-10. Describe water an ion balance problems within a terrestrial, aquatic, and marine environment.11. Define the 3 different types of nitrogenous wastes produced by animals. How are these waste products in line with the requirements of the organism.12. Explain how kidney’s function in organismal water and ion balance.- Filtrate13. How does ADH affect kidney function? When would ADH be released? -Intercellular Transport in Plants1. Describe the motion of water in terms of water potential 2. How are ∏ and y related? Include the appropriate units of measurement for each. List the components of y and explain the force they exert on water. How could y become morenegative?3. How does turgor pressure affect plant cells as well as entire plants?4. Explain why water moves roots.5. Explain the forces by which water moves up trees.- Surface tenstion- keeps water from dropping out- Adhesion- grabbing onto sides of vescile- Capillary action6. Explain the different types of circulatory systems and how they function in organisms. Benefits and flaws. - Open – mussles, low pressure, tissues bathe in blood directly- Close- high pressure7. How is radius of blood vessel and system length related to flow? Include an explanation in your explanation.8. List the different types of closed circulatory systems
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