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Review Sheet (Information – Emergence of Life) DNADefine each of the following terms and explain what role they play in organisms.- Stability: - Fidelity: - Entropy: - Redundancy: Draw and explain the central dogma as well as the position of each component in the cell.State 3 differences between DNA and RNA. Explain the functional reasons for each difference. Explain Thomas Cech’s discovered. Include the implication than came with it.What theory did Cech’s discovery provide evidence for? In what ways is this theory given support today? Define the molecules below and explain where they would be found in the cell.Define the molecules below. Explain where they are found. Discuss how their structure affects function. State the 4 components of the genome and list examples of each.What methods have scientists used to obtain more information about the human genome? What benefits do these methods provide?What happens to the number of genes as genome size increases? What can be inferred from this?What benefits might larger genomes allow?MembraneState the core component of the cell membrane as well as the 3 units that it is comprised of. Explain what effect each has on polarity. (Draw the picture, tell the story)Tree of LifeList and explain the ways by which species can be defined. Include possible problems with each classification.Explain how phylogenies are created. Include their limitations.What types of similarities might organisms have? Provide an example of how these similarities can affect phylogenies.What are SINEs and how can they be used to determine evolutionary relatedness of organisms?Develop a cladogram from the following information.Dating What theory did Darwin believe regarding the age of the Earth? Is this belief in line with the common idea today? Why or why not?He believed in catastrophism- earth born recently and all changes came at once, is not beliefList 2 methods for relative dating and explain how they might be used. Can these pieces of evidence be refuted? Why or why not? What possible problems can arise through dating techniques?Geostratiography- - Cant tell when organisms first appeared, just know they existed- actual layers are not always trivial to interpret, - always changing, earthquakesExplain techniques used for absolute dating.Carbon dating- thousands of years oldRadiometric dating- uranium Explain the 2 major ideas for evolution. Include major scientists who supported each. Gradualism- Darwin, change slowly over timePunctuated equilibrium- long periods of stasis and long periods of evolution. Ex. Precambrian explosion. Eldridge and gauldHow can molecular clocks be used for absolute dating? How can differences be accounted for numerically? Dna mutations occur at a relatively fixed rate, can look at dna up closeGreater difference in dna sequence means 2 organisms are phylogenitically further apartWhat types of DNA may be used for absolute dating?mDNAExplain why DNA cannot be too closely related nor too far apart.Can not be more different than 75%1 in 4 nucleotides will be similarWhat characteristics of proteins differentiate their dating from that of DNA20 different amino acids- cdon’t saturate as quicklyEmergence of LifeWhat difficulties are scientists faced with when attempting to determine how life on earth began?–Earliest steps can no longer be observed–Simplest extant life forms are complex–Unclear what molecules (DNA, RNA, or proteins) were used to store informationWhat are some theories which attempt to answer how life began? What evidence do these theories draw upon for support?Oparin – Haldane theory (1920’s) What key events must have occurred in order for life on Earth to begin? What role did each of these events play?1.Abiotic formation of organic molecules2.Spontaneous organization- ex. Phospholipid membrane, clay, organization of rna3.Growth and reproduction4.MetabolismExplain the possible methods by which organic molecules came into existence on Earth.Miller and Urey simulated conditions of early Earth - Inorganic molecules + energyWhat were conditions like on early Earth?Explain the possible kinds of early Metabolic processes on Earth.Chemoheterotrphs- cant convert co2, so have to use products from chemoautotrophsChemoatuotrophs- make own organic molecules. Carbon compounds. Got E from hydrogen sulfide andWhat has the sequencing of rRNA revealed to scientists regarding evolutionary history?Eukaryote and archaea closely


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UMD BSCI 207 - DNA

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