Animals(and(Motility((• Echinoderms(–(reversed(trends(in(Bilateria,(lost(bilateral(symmetry(and(gained(a(secondary(radial(symmetry.(Bilateral(symmetry(in(the(embryo(stage(and(then(as(adults(they(go(back(into(the(radial(stage.(Ring(sha p ed(nervous(system(and(reduced(sense(organs,(very(simple(eyes.(Bright(colorations(on(echinoderms(aren’t(seen(in(natural(light.(These(colors(are(a(result(of(waste(products(reacting(with(camera(flashes.(Have(five(part(radial(symmetry.(Angiosperms(also(have(5(part(symmetry.(Echinoderms(do(not(have(a(circulatory(or(complex(transport(system,(they(have(a(water(vascular(system,(which(is(used(for(movement,(feeding(and(transport.((• Urochordata(do(not(have(segmented(muscles,(they(have(segmental(muscles(cells,(but(that(is(where(it(ends.(• Cephalochordata(–(as(adults(they(have(segmental(muscles,(simpler(of(the(two(derived(groups(of(chordates.(They(have(gill(slits(for(feeling.(Water(comes(in(through(the(gills.(The(water(contains(food,(the(food(within(the(water(is(pushed(within(the(intestines(and(the(water(is(pushed(back(out.(More(derived(chordates,(after(these,(are(going(to(develop(more(exits(for(water(to(come(in(and(leave.(Has(a(cillary(pump(to(get(water(into(the(body.(Have(closed(circulation(and(do(not(have(a(heart,(they(have(contractile(vessels.(They(lack(a(complex(brain(and(complex(sense(organs.(They(do(not(have(eyes,(a(heart,(a(cranium(or(vertebrae.((• There(are(a(group(of(cells(in(all(vertebrates(called(neural(crest(cells.(These(cells(develop(from(the(ectoderm.(The(hollow(dorsal(nerve(cord(comes(from(the(ectoderm.(In(vertebrates,(but(not(any(other(group,(as(the(hollow(cord(forms,(some(cells(begin(to(break(free(and(form(neural(crest(cells.(Over(time,(neural(crest(cells(began(producing(certain(chemical(cells(that(produce(certain(reactions.(This(triggered(the(formation(of(a(heart.(The(fundamental(evolutionary(innovation(in(vertebrates(was(the(activation(of(the(neural(crest(cells(to(act(as(control(moderators(during(development.(*the(primary(innovation(which(made(vertebrates(possible(because(they(triggered(the(formation(of(the(heart,(cranium,(vertebrate,(etc.((• Agnatha(or(lamprey–(jawless(fish.(They(have(a(simple(skeleton,(some(cartilaginous(plates(around(the(brain.(Have(eyes,(ears(and(nose.(They(have(teeth(but(they(are(not(true(teeth,(they(are(hardened(cartilage.(Teeth(by(definition(in(vertebrates(are(made(of(dentine(and(enamel.(Multiple(external(openings,(have(a(heart(to(pump(blood,(allows(them(to(be(move(active(than(cephalochordates,(can(be(larger(with(bigger(muscles.(• Gnathostomes(–(bony(and(cartilaginous(fish,(have(true(teeth,(paired(fins(provide(stability(and(ability(to(make(efficient(body(heat.(Evolution(of(jaws(–(at(first(gill(arches(were(made(of(cartiledge(and(hinged,(over(time(the(gill(arches(give(rise(to(the(jaw(that(can(bend.((• TetrapodsM(4(footed(vertabrates(that(live(on(land,(humans(are(derived(from(tetrapods.(Reptiles(are(a(paraphyletic(group(of(tetrapods.(3(chambered(heart(allows(you(do(be(very(flexible(in(how(you(exchange(gas.(Allows(you(to(use(multiple(cites(on(the(body(for(gasexchange.((• AmniotesM(major(innovation(is(the(amiotic(egg.(Added(some(new(membranes(–(amnion,(allantios,(chorion.(Take(the(problem(that(amphibians(have(about(havng(an(aquatic(embroyo(and(allows(the(other(animals(to(have(more(time(to(develop.(Stronger(skeleton(that(increases(the(ability(to(transmit(force(from(the(muscles,(allows(you(to(be(faster.(Humans(are(amniotes.((• Reptiles(–(ammiotes(with(sauropsid(skull.((• Birds(are(derived(from(reptiles.(Mammals(are(derived(from(synapsids,(they(have(a(completely(different(skull(architecture.((• Warm(bloodedness(is(for(efficiency.(• Jointed(appendages(–(give(the(organism(leverage,(apply(force(more(efficiently,(faster.((• Chordates(and(athropods(evolved(different(sizes(because(of(
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