Land Plant Review 1. Draw and label major events on the Land Plants phylogenic tree. 2. Draw a 3 way Venn diagram comparing and contrasting characteristics of the 4 clades of land plants. 3. Draw a basic diagram which illustrates the methods by which land plants alternate between multicellular sporophyte and gametophyte stages. 4. Create and explain a graph depicting the changes in sporophyte/gametophyte ratios as terrestrial plants evolved.Origin of Fungi 1. To what 2 other taxa are Fungi closest related?2. List the 4 major classes of Fungi and a defining characteristics of each. - Chytrids mobile gametes- Zygomycota tough outer coat- Blasidiomycota mushroom- Ascomycota multiple nuclei3. What 2 different schemes have fungi evolved for obtaining nutrients. Describe each and give examples.- Secrete lignin peroxide- Strip electron to make radical unstable will break- Fungi absorbs nutrients-4. Discuss different methods by which mycorrhizae and plant roots are associated.5. Fungi, often act as parasitic symbionts. Describe examples where this association is seen. 6. Draw a diagram and explain a typical fungal life cycle. Include a description of the following: haploid existence, formation of diploidy and formation of spores. 7. Be able to draw and explain the life cycles of chytridiomycota, zygomycota, basidiomycota and ascomycota.Animals1. List and explain the similarities, as well as differentiating characteristics between animals and fungi.2. Detail the differences by which Fungi and Animals obtain nutrients3. Explain the difference between Protostomes and DeuterostomesBuilding Bodies 1. List and draw the 4 Essential Developmental Processes 2. What concept have we discussed that explains why subdivision is a necessary part of cleavage 3. Draw and explain early growth in plants. Explain haploid, diploid and triploid regions4. Explain the methods of Programmed Cell Death. Provide examples for when each might be employed5. Explain the process of Gastrulation 6. How is cell differentiation observed in prenatal organisms - 4 steps-1. proliferation- increase number of cells2. cell movement- gastrulation- cells movein plant cells it is differential expansion3. differentiation-4. interaction-- hox genes7. Explain the process by which mammals can be cloned- Begin w mammary glands and egg cell from two diff sheep- Fuse these 2- Grow it into culture and fet an embryo- Put embryo in seregate mother- Baby sheep clone born8. In what ways do cells influence one another during development - Somite- gives rise to different tissues around spinal cord- Mesoderm ball- Positioning of ectoderm provides signalsHOX1. What observations in flies led to the discovery of Hox genes? - Mutations- legs in place of antennas- Lead scientists to belive that the genes that cause mutations are located closely on the chromosome lead to recombination and testingo Use recombination mapping- identify what genes are whereo Compared dna of mutants and wild type (normal) flies dna to identify mutationo Confirm mutant dna by having normalmutating itchanging it back to that normal, identify where the mutation occured2. How can scientists determine what genes are controlled by Hox? Scaling1. How does oxygen consumption change and organism size increases. Provide an explanation for why this might be the case. - Elephant uses less oxygen per mound than a mouse more efficient2. Why are larger organisms unable to be scaled up versions of smaller ones? - The surface area can only have a certain amount of strength if increased it wont hold as much3. Explain the difference between isometry and allometry. What role does this play in organism scaling4. Explain and work through the necessary formulas to understand volumetric constraints on organism
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