Prokaryotic & Archaea: Themes of Diversity • Plant cells have cell walls to prevent from bursting. Water is consistently coming in in moist environments. • All cells have glucose -> glycolysis ->Krebs cycle • Glucose is made into polymers by dehydration synthesis. *know how to make the 6 carbon ring of glucose and label the carbons by number, picture on slide • Alpha Linkage - 1 carbon is linked to the 4 carbon in a polymerization reaction for a straight chain, 1-6 gives you a branched chain • Cellulose – every other glucose molecule is upside-down – beta linkage. Cannot be digested • Be able to recognize an alpha linkage as opposed to a beta linkage • Proteins are linked together by a peptide bond. • Peptidoglycan – has peptide and hydrogen bonds, cell walls found in prokaryotes and bacteria. • Archaea have plasma membranes that can withstand different temperatures. Instead of d-glycerol, they use l-glycerol and instead of fatty acids they use isoprene chains. Very different from other cells who have fatty acids and a glycerol chain. • Van der waals forces – pull between the electrons of an atom. • In order to keep warm, cold-blooded organisms add double bonds to their cell membranes (saturated fatty acids) in order to keep them in tact. • Extremophiles have to take out double bonds to keep their membranes from melting apart. • They take them in and out by turning on genes when the temperatures begin to change. Certain genes begin to digest or promote the transcription of certain phospholipids. Patches of membranes get replaced when the environment changes. • **be able to discuss table 28 and understand why prokaryote and euks have so much diversit Themes of Diversity 2 • The Bubonic Plague – caused by y.pestis. lived in the biofilm of the gut of a flea. The flea regurgitates some of the blood into the mammal host. This bacteria creates a protein that inhibits the blood clotting process. They are also very benign looking to your immune system – very uneasy to detect because they do not trigger an immune response. Produces a protein that causes white blood cells (macrophages) to kill themselves (apoptosis). • Why is the plague not around today – removed a lot of the transmission due to fleas, antibacterial agents and medication • Bioremediation – bacteria that can digest oil, used to clean up
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