Review Sheet (Bioenergetics I – Prokaryotic Diversity II) Bioenergetics IWhat type of reactions allow organisms to utilize environmental components in the quest to obtain energy?Redox reactions, gibbs free energyPlants obtain energy from being in the sun while humans and many other animals eat food for energy.State and explain the ways by which energy can be created.photosynthesisHow is it possible for plants to obtain energy from sunlight?photosynthesisWhat allows humans to convert glucose into energy?Cellular respirationWhat is the central goal of metabolism?Generate atpWhy has ATP become the ubiquitous energy storage molecule?List and explain strategies for producing ATP Subatrate level phosphorylationGiven the knowledge that more energy is required to produce ATP than it can actually yield, why haveall organisms evolved to produce it? Must put energy into this substance so we can use it, worth investing E into this processExplain the process of Substrate Level Phosphorylation (SLP). Not efficientChemiosmosis is a common means for producing ATP. Describe the process and explain its benefits and drawbacks over SLP.Detail the membrane components responsible for the functioning of the Electron Transport Chain.1, 3, 4What inputs are required for the ETC to operate?How does the ETC help generate ATP? What cellular components utilize both a concentration and electrical gradient in order to make ATP? Explain the component’s structure and how it related to function. Where would it be found in the cell? Higgins’s 3rd rule of biology states that “Life is simply macromolecules changing shape.” What does Dr.Higgins mean by that, and how is this concept related to bioenergetics? All proteins work by changing shape going down the etcWhat role do NAD+, NADP+, and FAD play in the production of energy? Where can and can’t these molecules be found?List and explain the ways in which Autotrophs and Heterotrophs differ? Endergonic, exergonicBioenergetics IIHow are protons/electrons implemented in the production of ATP?Absorb E from sunWhat molecules are responsible for preserving the high energy state of electrons within the cell?Plants- nadp+List and Explain 3 metabolic models.Energy enters the environment as light and leaves as heat. Explain the possible transformations of energy which occur on Earth. (Things to consider: oxygen’s role, energy storage, glucose, respiration, fermentation).Light comes in, hits a plant, excites e- photosynthesis makes glucose, stored or used, used- fermentation or respiration, prefer fermentationFill in the picture and explain what is occurring. Explain:Glucosepyruvate krebs, etc fermentationExplain the reactions which occur as Glucose crosses into the Mitochondrial Membrane.Krebs cycleWhat anabolic reactions occur during the metabolic processes?Actyl co a stored as Uh oh! We are out of electron acceptors! What are we going to do?!?!?!?!?!Fermemtation- latic acid, alcoholHow and why might a protein be disabled?Denature it or allosteric inhibitionWhat is the process by which autotrophs fix carbon? Explain.Calvin cycleExplain photosynthesis in terms of Gibbs Free Energy?endothermicWho turned the lights off? Within the process of photosynthesis, can any reactions occur in the absence of light?Calvin cycle, carbon fixationWhy do plants have different types or chlorophylls and Carotenoids?Wide range of light usageCompare and contrast the 2 Photosystems.What are the 2 components of Sucrose? What are the benefits of producing Sucrose?Glucose, fructose, easily transportedProkaryotic Diversity IFill in the chart belowDescribe the information storage material of prokaryotes. Contrast the storage method to that exhibited in eukaryotes.How does information storage differ between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?How does the proportionality of Genome to metabolic diversity differ between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?Describe plasmids and explain how they relate to the observation of distantly related organisms carrying identical information? Provide an example of where this has occurred.Describe the characteristics which differentiate Prokaryotes from Eukaryotes.Until recently, it was believed that prokaryotes contained no cytoskeleton elements. Explain what changed this belief and what role the cytoskeletal discovery had.Describe the characteristics of Archaea.Starch, Cellulose and Peptidoglycan…all have glucose…look pretty similar…so what’s the difference and what are the applications of each?How can a lipid bilayer become more or less liquid? Tell me all the
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