Micro Exam 2 Know what the enzyme reverse transcriptase does and what it is used for in the lab o Reverse transcription RT PCR reverse transcriptase makes DNA from RNA It can be used to amplify an RNA mRNA rRNA tRNA or viral genomic RNA Reverse of the DNA RNA transcription process Used for cloning in lab Know the names of the sub divisions of the phylum Proteobacteria alpha beta etc o 5 classes aphaproteobacteria betaproteobacteria gammaproteobacteria deltaproteobacteria epsilonproteobacteria Key to remember I can t remember what she said in class Danish Kings Play Chess On Fuzzy Green Squares Know the infectious agent that causes stomach ulcers Species Helicobacter pylori causes stomach ulcers multiple flagella microaerophilic acidophilic peptic ulcers stomach cancer Know what diseases can be caused by species of Chlamydia Phylum Chlamydiae Gram obligate intracellular parasites can t survive without metabolites from host o Important Species conjunctivitis Species Chlamydia trachomatis causes STD chlamydia and can cause Species Chlamydophila psittaci causes Parrot Fever spread by bird droppings Major problem for immunocompromised patients Species Chlamydophila pneumoniae causes atypical pneumonia Know the name of the form of Chlamydia that briefly live outside host cells and can be transferred from host to host Elementary Body more environmentally resistant form that can survive outside host cells but not on surfaces must be spread by intimate contact Know the name of the bacteria that we discussed that completely lacks cell walls The mycoplasmas Micro Exam 2 Class Mollicutes o Wall less bacteria o Very small genomes o Very small cell size o Hard to detect Mycoplasma pneumonia species atypical bacterial pneumonia and major lab contaminant Know the bacteria that produces botulinum toxin Phylum Firmicutes Genus Clostridium o C botulinum species causes botulinum gram Know the bacteria that produces tetanus toxin o Clostridium tetani species causes tetanus paralyzes gram Know the names of the bacterial genera that are enteric bacteria Enterobacteriales o Order Enterobacteriales o Order has peritrichous flagella facultative anaerobic can grow with or without oxygen but better in O2 and gram negative rods Often inhabit intestinal tracts in humans and animals Entero internal digestive track Most are active fermenters of glucose and other carbohydrates Family Enterobacteriaceae Genus Enterobacter infections system in labs is o Species E cloacae can cause UTI s and nosocomial Genus Escherichia most common not usually pathogenic model o Species E Coli Most common inhabitant of human intestinal tract and most familiar organism in microbiology important tool for basic bio research Can cause UTI s traveler s diarrhea and sometimes serious foodborne disease Genus Klebsiella commonly found in soil or water Many capable of nitrogen fixation Genus Proteus swarming type of growth on agar Swarmers with many flagella move to edges of colony and revert to normal cells with only a few flagella reduced motility Process of swarming is repeated and colony has distinctive appearance of a series of concentric rings Micro Exam 2 Genus Salmonella almost all pathogenic common in animals human digestive tracts poultry o Species S typhi causes typhoid fever often foodborne in Genus Serratia pink stuff that grows in poorly cleaned shower that can cause illness in immunocompromised is S marcescens o Species S marcescens In hospitals found on catheters in saline irrigation solutions and other sterile solutions Most common cause of UTI and respiratory infections in hospitals Genus Shigella often foodborne pathogen Only found in humans and can cause life threatening dysentry Genus Yersinia Carried by urban rats and ground squirrels in the American southwest Fleas and respiratory droplets from infected animals can also transmit to humans o Species Y pestis caused Bubonic Plague The Black Death of medieval Europe transmitted by fleas on rats Killed 30 60 of Europe s population in 14th century Know what the MMRV vaccine protects against Measles Mumps Rubella and Varicella Know the name of the bacterium that causes necrotizing fasciitis Family Streptococcaceae o Streptococcus progenies species causes Scarlet Fever strep throat rheumatic fever necrotizing fasciitis flesh eating aka Group A Streptococcus GAS Know which human tissues the Plasmodium malaria organism passes through in its life cycle Apicomplexa Protozoa o Nonmotile intracellular parasites o Complex life cycles multiple hosts o Plasmodium malaria Plasmodium vivax most common cause of malaria Plasmodium falciparum causes most severe form of malaria carried by mosquito definitive host to human intermediate host Micro Exam 2 Know which viral disease that we discussed has been eradicated by vaccination programs Smallpox Know the differences between a cutaneous subcutaneous or systemic fungal infection o Systemic mycoses deep within body o Subcutaneous mycoses beneath the skin o Cutaneous mycoses affects hair skin and nails o Superficial mycoses localized ex hair shafts o Opportunistic mycoses caused by normal microbiota or environmental fungi attack primarily immunocompromised patients AIDS patients vulnerable Know what an opportunistic infection is o any infection caused by a microorganism that does not normally cause disease in humans occurs in persons with abnormally functioning immune systems as Micro Exam 2 AIDS patients or transplant patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs Most fungi we discussed affect immunocompromised hosts There are a few that affect normal healthy hosts know these Rhizomes Mucor opportunistic pathogens systemic mycoses Ubiquitous Aspergillus opportunistic systemic mycoses Ubiquitous Blastomyces dermatitis systemic mycoses endemic in many parts of US farmers forestry workers etc at risk Unknown Histoplasma capsulatum systemic mycoses can be inhaled in bird bat droppings Poultry workers cleaners encountering bat droppings at risk Microsporum Trichophyton cutaneous mycoses Soil animals skin contact Sporothrix subcutaneous mycosis beneath skin Ubiquitous also transmitted through skin lesions Stachybotrys Coccidioides Pneumoncystis systemic mycoses o Stachybotrys chartarum greenish black mold that anecdotal evidence suggests was causing health problems but according to the CDC it is no more harmful than other molds but that most molds cause respiratory problems Inhalation Candida albicans cutaneous mycoses common cause of vaginal yeast
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