Clinical Psychology Exam 2 Major Depression Dysthymia Dysthymia is a chronic type of depression in which a person s moods are regularly Briefly describe a b low However symptoms are not as severe as with major depression c d e Anxiety what are the different anxiety disorders Borderline Eating Disorders Ch 5 Classification Classification and taxonomy define taxonomy Taxonomy is the grouping of cases according to their distinguishing features Helps identify It is the identification of similar patterns of symptoms for instance behavior emotion cognition and biology It also helps identify common etiology course and treatment Accurate Diagnosis is very Important it helps determine what s it help determine Proper treatment decisions Research about causes of disorders Communication among clinicians And predictive value Categorical Approach to Classification ex DSM IV Hippocrates theorized it had to do with Phrenesis Mania Melancholia Kraepelin theorized it had to do with Syndromes and Dementia Praecox Classification Systems Used to classify disorders What are they United States Dianostic Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders DSM IV Eurpoe International Classification of Diseases ICD which was developed by the World Health Organization The DSM IV is what is it a system for classifying and describing mental disorders It serves as a common language for clinicians It is categorical e g a disorder is either present or absent It is highly researched The DSM IV has five Axes What are the five axes of DSM IV Define each and give examples Axis 1 Clinical Syndromes anxiety depression substance abuse Schizophrenia etc they are Axis 2 Personality Disorders e g antisocial borderline and Mental Retardation which are all all typically episodic typically non episodic Axis 3 General Medical Conditions headaches hypertension asthma MS Disbetes etc Axis 4 Psychsocial and environmental problems loss of job death divorce legal problems Axis 5 Global Assessment of Functioning how well is the person functioning on scale of 1 100 Mental Disorder A clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is typically associated with an emotionally painful symptoms or with impairment in one or more important areas of functioning The syndrome or pattern must not be merely an expectable or culturally sanctioned response to a particular event for examples death of a loved one It must be considered a behavioral psychological or biological dysfunction Classification of mental disorder does not classify people it classifies disorders that people have Axis 1 Categories important examples what are some Disorders are usually first evident in infancy childhood or adolescence Schiophrenia and other psychotic disorders Mood disorders major depression dipolar disorder dysthymia Anxirty Disorders general anxiety phobia panic OCD social anxiety Eating disorders anorexia bulimia EDNOS Substance Abuse Dependance alcohol or drug abuse or dependence Dissociative Disorders DID MPD Adjustment Disorders with anxiety or depressive symptoms Dimensional Approach to Classification what is it Symptoms vary on a continuum quantitative variation Two broad categories of this Internalizing Depression anxiety somatic symptoms social withdrawal Externalizing Aggression conduct problems oppositional behavior Derived through empirical research Categorical and Continuous Can both the categorical and quantitative approaches be correct Symptoms vary along a continuum or dimension None a little moderate a lot Point on the continuum reflects a qualitative charge Criticisms of the Dimensional Approach what are some Patters often do not fit neatly Disagnostic comorbidity 56 that qualify for 1 disorder qualify for another Labeling effects Diversity in Culture Gender Bias Categorical verus dimensions Quantitative or Dimensional Approach to Classification Quantitative taxonomic System Thomas Achenbach what is it Psychopathology as it develops in childhood Empirical approach gathering data from numerous sources Eight syndromes identified and subsumed under externalizing and internalizing behavior Internalizing Major depressive episode Dysthymia Generalized Anxiety disorder angoraphobia social phobia simple phobia Obsessive compulsive disorder Externalizing Conduct Disorder Marijuana Dependence Alcohol Dependence There are issues in improving classification systems what are they Linking Assessment and taxonomy Assessment is identifying the key features of a case and taxonomy involves the grouping of cases on the basis of key features Comorbidity and covariation Disorders appear to be comorbid e g major depression and general anxiety or it is typical for some symptoms to covary with others sadness and anxiety Developmental Patterns and Pathways Developmental Psychopathology Understand the changes and continuities of disorders across the life span This can be expressed as with same disorder depression different disorders in adolescents and adulthood depression to bulimia Also diferent disorders oppositional substance dependence Gender Ethnic Diversity Different disorders or expression of distress it different ways Rates of some disorders differ across race and ethnicity Chapter 6 Assessment Assessment is what is the process of systematically gathering information about a person in relation to his or her environment so that decisions can be made based on this information that are in the best interests of the individual Clinical Assessment has 3 goals what are they Classification description and prediction Sources of Assessment data are what interviews psychological tests behavioral observations and biological physiological measurements Steps in the Assessment Process what are they Step 1 Deciding what is being assessed Such as not doing well in scool Want to find is there is a significant psychological problem Does it have to do with emotion cognition etc determined by one s theory Step 2 Determining the goals of assessment Treatment decision custody evaluation Look at Diagnosis DSM IV Severity of the problem Screening screen for cancer depression suicide Prediction how are they going to behave in future lethality Evaluation of an intervention Constantly monitor effects of treatment criteria must be developed to establish meaningful change Step 3 Selecting standards for making decisions Valid and reliable measure Normative standards compared with others Self Referent standards compared with one s own data
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