Brain and Behavior Study Guide Final Test Stress and Health What is a stressor What is allostasis Anything that throws body out of allostatic balance Range of measures appropriate for situation sleep vs bungee jumping What are the 3 stages of a stress response 1 Alarm SNS activation 2 Resistance decreased SNS activity increased HPA activity cortisol other hormones for maintaining prolonged alertness increased immune function to fight infections to heal wounds 3 Exhaustion NS and Immune system are spent person is tired inactive and vulnerable to illness What is the role of the sympathetic NS in the stress response It creates the alarm in the body and helps with the resistance of the stress hormones What is the HPA and what is it s role in the stress response H ypothalamus Pituitary gland Adrenal cortex Creates cortisol other hormones for maintaining prolonged alertness increased immune function to fight infections to heal wounds Hypothalamus makes CRH corticotropic releasing hormone Pituitary makes ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone adrenal secretes cortisol increase in blood sugar metabolism Why do you feel terrible during finals week What are some effects of long term stress NS and Immune system are spent person is tired inactive and vulnerable to illness Hippocampal damage b c increased cortisol makes hippo neurons more vulnerable Reproductive effects Decreased immune function Prolonged sickness Increased blood sugar b c stress cortisol causes pancreas to release glucagon Learning and Memory What is an engram and what were Lashley s critical mistakes in looking for the engram A physical representation of a memory He thought they were in cortex and all physiologically the same What are implicit memory and explicit memory What brain regions are important for each Explicit deliberate recall of info that one remembers as a memory ie who was the main character in the last novel you read Implicit the influences of recent experiences on behavior w o necessarily realizing that one is using memory What are some differences b t short term memory working memory and long term memory What brain region is important for working memory STM small capacity fades quickly unless rehearsed once forgotten it is gone Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is important brain region LTM Infinite capacity lasts indefinitely could be forgotten then later remembered with cues What were some of HM s impairments what could he still do Had anterograde amnesia Lost declarative explicit memory Intact procedural memory a type of implicit Intact working memory With regard to memory what are some functions of the hippocampus Active during formation of memories during recall Declarative explicit memory Spatial memory Consolidation STM LTM What other brain regions are important in learning and memory and what type of learning do they subserve Cerebellum for learning a conditioned response Also for motor learning skills cognitive stuff too Parietal lobe if damage don t spontaneously elaborate on memories Temporal lobe ant inf damage causes semantic dementia loss of factual knowledge this region is a hub for retrieving info Prefrontal cortex learning reward and punishment working memory What is a Hebbian synapse a synapse that increases in effectiveness b c of simulataneous activity in pre and postsynaptic neurons What is LTP What receptors are necessary Long term Potentiation a burst of stimulation from axons e g 100 excitations per second for 1 4 seconds onto dendrites results in potentiated strengthened synapses for minutes days or weeks Necessitates glutamate receptors AMPA and NMDA receptors What are some presynaptic changes that occur in LTP What are some postsynaptic changes that happen in LTP Retrograde transmitter from dendrite to axon terminal usually nitric oxide NO Decreased threshold for producing Aps Increased release of neurotransmitter Expansion of axon Release of NT from more sites along axon What is evidence that there is a functional connection between LTP and actual learning Research with mice abnormal NMDA receptors impair learning drugs that block LTP block retention of learned material drugs that facilitate LTP facilitate learning LTP increases certain proteins blocking those proteins weakens memories Alzheimer s disease and other Dementias What are some cognitive and non cognitive symptoms of dementia What are the 4 A s of dementia Cognitive Impairment in memory cognition accompanied by decreased ability to relate function at home work social settings Non Cognitive delusions suspicions hallucinations agitation depression 4 A s Amnesia Loss of memory working memory goes first Agnosia Loss of ability to recognize objects Apraxia Loss of knowledge about how to do things Aphasia Loss of speech What are some symptoms of Alzheimer s Disease AD Deficits in explicit and implicit memory Gradual progression to more serious memory loss and Language problems loss of vocabulary Confusion Depression Restlessness Hallucinations Delusions Sleeplessness Loss of appetite End stage is usually coma death usually caused by an infection What is the difference b t early onset and late onset AD Which one has a stronger genetic contribution Early onset People 40 yr old Only about 1 or up to 10 of people w AD Gene on chromosome 21 for APP don t want 3 copies of this Gene for ApoE4 which breaks down beta amyloid this version isn t very good at it Other genes on other chromosomes linked to more of these cases Late onset Over 60 yr old 5 of people b t 65 74 yr old 50 of people over 85 yr old Some genes that increase risk but only account for small percentage of cases Half of patients have no known relative with A D Diet may be protective low calorie low fat low sodium What do the neurons and the brain of an AD patient look like Brain atrophy Loss of neurons Loss of spines synapses Loss of connections between neurons Proteins fold abnormally clump and interfere w neuronal activity Plaques and tangles Where are they inside or outside of cells and what forms them Plaques are in between cells while tangles are inside them Formed by Amyloid Precursor Protein and Tau respectively What are some treatment options for Alzheimer s Disease Drugs to stimulate Acetylcholine receptors or prolong Ach release Drugs to stimulate cannabinoid receptors Block amyloid w antioxidants Immunization Memory books respite for caregivers For PD HD and Korsakoff s what brain regions are involved Substantia nigra and pariaqueductal grey What are prions Prions
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