Review 02 25 2014 Neuro anatomy Locus Coeruleus o Paralysis in sleep Norepinephrine system arousal Have system that hyperpolarize lower motor neurons to paralyze you Descending system REM disorder Malfunction of Norepinephrine neurons or too few Not proven just evidence that is consistent o Sleep First structures to wake up Where you live Medial prefrontal Anterior cingulate Limbic judgment like dislike Thalamus Part of arousal sensory Inferior Prefrontal Cortex o Impulsivity o Limbic Neocortex cingulate inferior prefrontal insula Innervates mammillary bodies Mood feelings do you like Hippocampus Memory Fornix NA Loss amnesia Hypothalamus ANS hormones Amygdala fear Thalamus o All sensory information goes through here minus olfaction o Last synapses before cortex Vision LGN Auditory IGN Glia o Astrocytes Maintenance Form blood brain barrier around blood vessels o Microglia Immune system Inflammation o Oligodendrocytes Formation of myelin Cerebellum o Balance coordinated movement o Active before and during NT Systems Dopamine o Locus Coeruleus VTA Substantia nigra nucleus accumbens o Function Reward o Drugs Stimulants cocaine caffeine o Projects everywhere To basal ganglia frontal lobes Damage to basal ganglia Movement disorders Huntington s Parkinson s o Made from Serotonin o Originate raphe nuclei o Function sleep dreaming mood o Drugs Hallucinogens o Made from Acetylcholine o Origin Basal nuclei o Project Frontal lobe hippocampus o Function attention and memory o Made from Acetyl groups sugar and choline Endogenous amandimides o Released when eat sugar fat chocolate Neurochemistry Make heart stop o Tetrotatoxin blocks channels o MTX block K channels o Kevorkian Injects potassium into blood Prevents AP generation at incredible fast speed o Refractory period o Rebalance RMP Due to movement of K out of cell Na K pump combat leakiness Chloride ions o GABA neurons Drugs benzodiazepines alcohol barbiturates Slide into sleep Axonal hillock o Summates activity via spatial temporal Makes final determine of generation Axon NMDA o Diameter keep speeds constant o And number of Na channels Located at nodes of ranvier Or b t schwann cells in PNS o Allow Ca influx when depolarized for learning and memory o Usually blocked need GABA to unblock Learning and Memory Place cells o In hippocampus tell where located o Keep track of environment Sympathetic Norepinephrine neurotransmitter o Block via NE inhibition Fight or Flight Actions o Increase heart rate o Pupil dilation Parasympathetic Actions o Decrease HR o Pupil constrict death o Voodoo death Rebound after strong sympathetic respond o If suddenly stimulus stops Para responds so strong lead to Heavy caffeine intake when intoxication can lead to heart attack Coffee Alcohol Coffee o Stimulate adenosine o Make heart beat fast via adrenaline Alcohol o Inhibit GABA o Depress CNS Thirst Osmotic o Heavy salt concentration Hypovolemic o Isotonic fluid loss of large mass Narcolepsy Loss of orexin neurons o Also has role in arousal eating o Eating Interact with dopamine in VTA make addicted to foods Development Radioglia o Cells climb up to deposit and determine ID Transneuronal degeneration Final Review 02 25 2014 Final Cumulative 155 MCs Vision Ventral Forms Objects Dorsal movement Left visual field Right LGN o Each eye is separate in LGN primary visual cortex Not until later do you get binocularity o Lt temporal Rt nasal Lesions o Optic tract Lose one visual field o Median Optic Chiasm Peripheral vision Ocular dominant columns o Primary visual cortex o Info comes from individual eye o Processes different angles of photons or line Auditory Vibration airs tympanic membrane ossicles amplify sound oval window vibrates fluid in cochlea basilar membrane steriocilia o Open K channels depolarize propagation down auditory nerve Inferior colliculus medial geniculate primary auditory cortex
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