Staphylococcus, Bacillus anthracis Cyanobacteria photosynthetic; gave rise to chloroplasts via endosymbiosisProteobacteria E. coli, Yersinia pestis, Vibrio chloerae, Salmonella; gave rise to mitochondria via endosymbiosisSpirochetes spiral shaped bacteria with axial filaments: motile; Lyme disease, syphilisChlamydias small obligate parasites; unique reproductive cycle: elementary bodies and reticulate bodies; eye infections, STDsAlveolates a group of “protists”; dinoflagellates, ciliates including Paramecium, Plasmodium - malariaStramenopiles a group of “protists”; brown algae, diatomsExcavates a group of “protists”; euglenids, Giardia, Trypanosoma – sleeping sickness, Chagas’ disease, leishmaniasisPlants [primary chloroplasts]Amoebozoans a group of “protists”; slime molds, Amoebasingle posterior flagellumchitin in cell wall,absorptive heterotrophyMicrosporidia [reduced mitochondria, polar tube]Chytrids [flagellated gametes]; amphibian killer fungusArbuscular mycorrhizaeAscomycota [spores in an ascus]; Brewer’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, lichens here because the fungus is Ascomycota Basidiomycota [spores in a basidium]dikaryon stage (2 nuclei),septate hyphaeDikaryaFungiOpisthokontsChoanoflagellates [collar of sticky tentacles]; a group of “protists”Bacteria = a group of “prokaryotes”; no nucleus, no mitochondrion, no chloroplasts; peptidoglycan in cell wall (gram positive = more peptidoglycan, gram negative = less peptidoglycan)peptidoglycan in cell wallhereditary nucleic acids, triplet amino acid code, ATP for energy, plasma membraneArchaeans : a group of “prokaryotes”; no nucleus, no mitochondria, no chloroplasts; extremophiles (found in extremely acidic, saline, or hot environments but also in normal environments); Hillis et al. consider archaeans a sister taxon to eukaryotes, and we will follow that here, but recent evidence is that eukaryotes are a group of archaeanscells with mitochondria, nucleuscadherinsLIFESynapomorphy defining a clade (named or unnamed)[….] Synapomorphy defining a named terminal lineageEukaryansViruses are here because we are uncertain as to where they link to the Tree of Life DNA with histones, intronsSponges [mineral spicules]Ctenophores [8 combs]; diploblasticCnidarians [cnidocytes]; diploblastic; anemones and corals, jellyfish, hydrasAnimaliaBilaterians [triploblastic tissues, bilateral symmetry]Eumetazoansextracellular matrix –collagentissues: nerves, muscleHoxgenesTOL for BioEE 1781Includes selected example taxa and synapomorphies or traits; dagger symbol (†) indicates an extinct taxon Taxa in quotation marks e.g. “Green algae” are paraphyletic groups – the number of these are minimized You are responsible for knowing the bolded and unbolded terms!Ether-linked cellMembrane lipidsHornwortsLiverwortsLycophytes [microphylls]Gymnosperms [naked seed] Ginkgo, cycads, conifersAngiosperms [enclosed seed, flowers, fruit, double fertilization]Seed PlantsGreen Plantsprimary chloroplastsGlaucophytes retain peptidoglycan in chloroplast membraneMossesseedsFernsVascular Plantsvascular systemRed algae“Green algae” Hillis et al. highlight a number of different groups of “green algae” which you do not need to distinguishchlorophyll b, starchLand Plantscuticle, retention of embryono peptidoglycan in chloroplast membranemegaphyllsPlantsSynapomorphy defining a clade (named or unnamed)[….] Synapomorphy defining a named terminal lineageProtostomesEcdysozoans†TrilobitesArthropodsCheliceratesMyriapodsPancrustaceans“Crustacea”Insecta Drosophila melanogasterMollusks [mantle, muscular foot, visceral mass] bivalves, gastropods, cephalopodsjointedappendagesDNA evidenceNematodes Caenorhabditis elegansshed exoskeletonLophotrochozoansAnnelids earthworms, leechesFlatworms flatworms, flukes, tapewormsSynapomorphy defining a clade (named or unnamed)[….] Synapomorphy defining a named terminal lineageUrochordates [tunic of cellulose]; tunicatesDeuterostomesChordatesVertebratesChondrichthyans [prismatic calcification of cartilage, pelvic fins of males bear claspers]; sharksOsteichthyesnotochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, post-anal tailRay-finned fishes [muscular bony rays in lateral paired fins]CoelacanthsLobe-finned vertebratesLungfishesTetrapods [four legs, five or more digits]triploblastic tissues, bilateral symmetryblastopore develops into anusEchinoderms [water vascular system with tube feet, pentaradial adults]; starfishes, brittle stars, crinoids, sea urchins, sea cucumbersCephalochordates [notochord extends to tip of body]; lanceletscranium, vertebraelobe finsGnathostomesjaws develop from anterior pharyngeal gill arches, paired lateral finsblastopore develops into mouthCyclostomesLampreysHagfishescircular mouthBilateriansfour legs, five or more digitsAmphibiansTetrapodsLepidosaurs lizards, snakesTurtles [skeleton expanded into shell]Crocodilians [secondary bony palate]†SauropodsTheropods †Tyrannosaurus, birdsReptilesamniotic eggArchosaurs†Pterosaurs [elongated finger to support wing]modified pelvisDinosaurs†Ornithischians [pubis bone oriented posteriorly]Saurischianspubis bone oriented anteriorlyPrototherians = Monotremes; platypus, echidnaMetatherians = Marsupials [pouch]; kangaroos, opossumsbats, rodents - Mus musculus, cetaceansMammalsEutherians = placental mammals. the phylogeny of Eutherians is handled in a piecemeal way in Hillis et al. – here we simplify mammals bysubdividing into two groups – the primates and the “non-primate eutherians” as an unnamed taxonProsimians lemursPrimatesNew World monkeys [nose with wide septum, prehensile tail]; tamarins, marmosets, howlersAnthropoidsnose with narrow septum; non-prehensile tailno external eggs, young retained internallymammary glands, hair, soft palateplacenta“Old World monkeys” macaque, baboonGorillaApesPan = chimpanzee and bonoboHominins including†Ardipithecus, †Paranthropus, †Australopithecus, †Homo erectus, †H. neanderthalensis, H. sapiensSynapomorphy defining a clade (named or unnamed)[….] Synapomorphy defining a named terminal