Bioee 1780 1nd Edition Lecture 27Outline of Last LectureI. ChordatesA) LanceletsB) UrochordatesII. VertebratesIII. TypesA) Chomdrichthytes?B) Bony vertebratesOutline of Current LectureI. Feeding/gas exchangeII. MovementA) FinsIII. TerrestrializationIV. ArchosaursA) CrocodiliansB) BirdsV. MammalsCurrent lectureI. Feeding/gas exchange*Pharyngeal basket, gaseous exchange, filter feeding  common ancestor of deuterosomes*Gills, feed through mouth  jawless fish (lampreys)*Jaws derived from gill arches  common ancestor of gnathostomes*Heterodonty (jaw and teeth) mammals-Jaws an teeth used for killing, grasping, and breaking up food-Why aren’t there teeth in birds? They have their own solution: beaks*Lung/swim bladder  common ancestor of bony vertebrate*Gills-gaseous exchange; operculum to control water flow; swim bladder*LunglungfishII. Movement*Notochord, post-anal tail  common ancestor of chordates*Cartilaginous vertebral column (better) [supported by fins at end of tail] common ancestor of the vertebratesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.*Bony vertebral column (even better)  common ancestor of bony vertebratesA) Fins*Ray-finned fish and lobe-limbed vertebrates are sister groups (they have two different solutions to movement)*Lobe fins: -Fleshy fins including joints-Use joints to prop up in shallow water-Movement with jointed limbs… forays onto land-Capable of sustained existence on land (full tetrapod limb)III. Terrestrialization*This, moist skin used for gaseous exchange and protection  typical vertebrate condition*Thick skin impervious to water, scales (become hair for mammals and feathers for birds)*Mammals end up with placenta and milk production*Endothermy: production of internal body heat-Advantages: can live in colder climates, faster movement, faster metabolism, activities not limited in time, space, or climate-Disadvantages: using more energy, more inviting to bacteria-Trends related to endothermy: quick circulatory system with chambered hearts, frequent feeding, larger brain, long limbs for running or flying, quick movement, ability to help keep young warmIV. Archosaurs*Living groups are crocodilians and birdsA) Crocodilians*Freshwater, estuarine, marine predators*4-chambered heart*Parental care*Acoustic communicationB) Birds*Theropod (nesting behavior)*Feather evolved before flight*Feathers are modified scales*May have originally used for insulation and sexual selection*10,000 species*Predators, seed, fruit, nectar*Endotherms*Skeletal attributes related to flight (reduced tail, enlarged sternum, loss of teeth, pneumatized bones)V. Mammals*Synapomorphies: mammary glands, hair, soft palate*Prototherians-Platypus, echidnas-Lay eggs, oviparous*Marsupials-Almost all fully terrestrial-Herbivores or carnivores-Under-developed youth live in a pouch with nipples -Viparious*Eutherians-Aquatic, terrestrial, aerial-Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores-Embryo nourished by long-lasting placenta-Rodents #Mostly small, gnawing herbivores, omnivores#Teeth grow forever-Bats#Nocturnal, digits for wings-Cetaceans#Toothed whales (active predators) and baleen whales (filter feeders in passive or active