BIOEE 1780 1st Edition Lecture 28Outline of current lectureI. Feeding/gas exchangeII. MovementA) FinsIII. TerrestrializationIV. ArchosaursA) CrocodiliansB) BirdsV. MammalsOutline of current lectureI. PrimatesII. Primary brainsIII. ApesA) ChimpsIV. Ape migrationCurrent lecture I. Primates*Herbivorous and omnivorous*Terrestrial and arboreal*Opposable thumb and big toesII. Primate brains*Endothermy doesn’t just help with speed, flight, and cold… also having a large brains-Did the brain arise because of endothermy? -Primates are brainier than other mammals*Why do they have larger brains?-Eating fruits requires an advanced brain with advanced special awareness to locate fruitand to locate the best/ripest fruit-Extractive foraging (like peeling a fruit) requires higher brain capacity*Imo: the intelligent female Japanese macaque in the colony at Koshima-She washed yams thrown to her in the ocean-This was picked up by other individuals, except adult malesIII. Apes*Synapomorhies of apes: no tail, large brain, erect posture, flexibility of wrist and thumb*Gorillas, chimps & bonobos (their own clade, closest relatives to us), humansThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.A) Chimps*Share around 98% percent of DNA with us*Used to be considered strict vegetarians, but we now know that they often eat monkeys and insects*How do humans differ from chimps and bonobos?-Walk on two legs-Larger brains-More advanced tools, language, social structure, basically everything-Less hair-Loss of opposable toes-Less of a difference in head shape between youth and adults-Changes in teeth and jaw muscles-Descended larynx and hyoid bone (can be the difference in range of noises we can make)-Long dependence on parents-Post-productive years*What may have led to these?-Upright posture: hunting, running faster, stopped climbing trees, see father, more energy efficient (change in habitat from forest to savanna selected for many of these), led to a change in foot shape-Bigger brains: tools, eating fruit, social patterns?, communication, better hunting=more nutrients to invest into brain matter=bigger brain=better hunting (hunting strategy can be improved by learning the patterns of your prey, using tools, collaborating, communication)-Prolonged dependence on parents: longer lifespans, changes in social structure, longer development, larger brains=more brain development=takes longer to develop=need care for longer, learning communication and survival strategies from mother-Post-reproductive years: helping to teach the young individuals*Lucy (in the sky with diamonds) gives us a hint of the transition from chimps to humans-Didn’t have toe opposability-Different bone/body structure, different jaw/cranial anatomy-Different location of where the spine attaches to the skull-Not much bigger of a brain than a chimp (which is much smaller than us)IV. Ape migration*1.6 mya  Homo erectus through Africa and into Asia*”Hobbit” Homo floresiensis found on an Asian island*28,000 years ago: Neanderthals went extinct (thought to have been killed off by Homo sapiens)*Homo sapiens showed the first