Bioee 1780 1st Edition Lecture 11 Outline of previous lectureI. ChloroplastsII. The great oxidation effectIII. Endosymbiosis timelineIV. TypesA) GlaucophytesB) Red algaeC) Green algaeD) Land plantsE) LiverwortsF) Mosses & vascular plantsOutline of current lectureI. First prelimII. ReviewIII. Plants’ transition to landA) Benefits for plants to move on landIV. LineagesA) LycophytesB) HorsetailsC) FernsD) GymnospermsE) AngiospermsV. Competition 101Current lectureI. First prelim*Review sessions next Thursday and SaturdayII. Review*A seed plant’s dominant form is sporophyte; gametes are dispersed by wind; the mobile stages of life are gametophytes and sporophyteAlternation of generationsVascular? Dominant generation?How are male gametes dispersed?Mobile stageMoss Yes No Gametophyte Water-limited SporeFerns yes Yes Sporophyte Water-limited SporeThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Seed plantsYes Yes Sporophyte Wind/animals Gametophyte (pollen) and developing sporophyte (seed)III. Plants’ transition to land*Late Silurian period, 420 mya=not many land plants (first vascular plant fossils)*50 million years later, the earth is covered in green… huge lycophyte forestsA) Benefits for plants to move to land*Better access to light*Less competition*Nutrient rich soil*Access to CO2*The ability to grow taller*Escape predators*Fewer pathogensIV. LineagesA) Lycophytes (“club mosses”)*Common in moist woodland understory*Comprised huge forests in Carboniferous Period*Forests compressed into coal we are using today*Novel traits:-True branching roots-Small vascularized leaves-Vascular system#Xylem (roots anchor them, tracheids cells are the principal watr-conductors in xylem, also provide support when they die)#Phloem (brings the products of photosynthesis to area that need them)B) Horsetails*15 species, common in moist areas*Gametophyte is small, sporophyte is large*Secondary reduction of leaves*Flagellated gametes need to swimC) Ferns*Common in moist areas*Gametophyte is small, but photosynthetic*Flagellated gametes as well*Large leaves are an innovation of fern ancestors*Big leaves= actually called megaphyllsD) Gymnosperms*”Naked seeds”*Gametophyte is multicellular, but no longer photosynthetic*Cycads, ginkgos, conifers (woody trees)*Seeds and pollen*Diversity of seeds: huge!E) Angiosperms*90% of plants (but only became dominant 100 mya)*Synapomorphies: fruits and flowers*Fruit: swollen ovarian tissue that surrounds the seed(s)*Coevolved with animal pollinators… petals provide landing platform, colors attract pollinatorsV. Competition 101*Why big leaves? More area available for photosynthesis; helps them compete for Sunlight*Plants can use chemicals to inhibit the growth of other plants*Increased root allocation in the presence of neighboring roots*Self-fertilizers: highly related, commonly found in sibling groups-Q: Will plant siblings be more or less competitive than when they are surrounded “strangers”?-A: They can recognize their siblings and will become less competitive when in their