Bioee 1780 1st Edition Lecture 10Outline of previous lectureI. EukaryotesII. Major innovationsA) MitochondriaB) ChloroplastsC) Secondary endosymbiosisD) Tertiary endosymbiosisIII. TerminologyA) Bacterial matingB) Lateral gene transferC) EndosymbiosisD) ProtistIV. ProtistA) AlveolatesB) StramenopilesC) ExcavatesD) AmoebozoansV. ActivityOutline of current lectureI. ChloroplastsII. The great oxidation effectIII. Endosymbiosis timelineIV. TypesA) GlaucophytesB) Red algaeC) Green algaeD) Land plantsE) LiverwortsF) Mosses & vascular plantsCurrent lecture*What is the synapomorphy of all plantae? chloroplastsI. Chloroplasts*Primary endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria*2 membranes with peptidoglycan in betweenThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.*Green plants have stacked photosynthetic membranes within the chloroplastII. The great oxidation effectOxygen levelsTimeOrigin of photosynthesisEvolution of plantsFirst green plantsFirst land plantsIII. Endosymbiosis timeline*Proteobacteria eukaryote 2 bya*Cyanobacteria eukaryote 1.6 bya*Red algae protists dinoflagellate 200 mya*Dinoflagellate coral 60 mya*Proteobacteria aphid 120 mya*Green algae protest 0myaIV. TypesA) Glaucophytes*Chloroplasts called cyanelles*Membranes not in stacks*PeptidoglycanB) Red algae*Redish accessory pigment*About 4000 species*Secrete calcium carbonate, coral reefs*No peptidoglycan*1.2 bya*Sushi, algarC) Green algae (in multiple lineages, not monophyletic)*Fresh water/marine*Single celled/filaments/sheets*Include “green plants” (chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b)D) Land plants*Problems of plats moving onto landPROBLEM WHY IS IT A PROBLEM SOLUTIONDesiccation (drying out) No longer surrounded by water Waxy coating, stomata, xylem, rootsPhysical support No longer can rely on buoyancy Strong cell walls, rigid tissues, turgo pressure, vascular tissueMovement of nutrients No longer in direct contact with dissolved nutrientsXylem/phloem, rootsIncreased UV radiation Not protected by water Waxy layer, thicker cell walls, smaller/thicker leaves, pigments *Sister groups: hen two lineages come from the same ancestorE) Liverworts (earliest land plants)*Small, leaf-like sheets of tissue*Moist habitat*Sheltered nooks on rocks, near streams*Pigment absorbs UV & blue, protects it*Gametophyte/sporophyte*Alteration of generations: gametes from mitosis, not meiosis… lifecycle includes both a diploid and haploid stageF)Mosses & vascular plants*Stomata*Waxy cuticle*Also show alteration of generations (mostly
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