Bioee 1780 1st Edition Lecture 13Outline of previous lectureI. First prelimII. ReviewIII. Plants’ transition to landA) Benefits for plants to move on landIV. LineagesA) LycophytesB) HorsetailsC) FernsD) GymnospermsE) AngiospermsV. Competition 101Outline of current lectureI. AnnouncementII. Opsthokonts & FungiA) Fungi lifestylesIII. Fungi typesA) MicrosporidiaB) DikayaC) ChytridsD) Arbuscular mycorrhizalIV. SummaryCurrent lectureI. Announcement*If you have a dog, send his or her photo in to the course email along with the dog’s name and your name. Your pet is going to be a star.II. Opisthokonts & FungiFungiAnimals These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.A) Fungi lifestyles*Saphrobes: take up nutrients from nonliving organic matter*Parasitic fungi: varying dependence on host (example: cordyceps create zombie ants)*Predatory fungi: can be active predators (through adhesives, constricting rings, etc)*Mutualistic fungi: when two species are in close association and both parties benefit (example: lichen [fungi+photobiont]), pioneer organisms-How hardy is lichen? After 18 months in space exposed to Mars conditions… it was just fine!III. Fungi typesA) Microsporidia*Originally not believed to be eukaryotes because there are no mitochondria (later found shrunken remnants) *Unicellular, smallest eukaryotes*ParasiticB) Dikaya *Pores between cells*Two types (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota)… difference is in reproductive organs*Dikaryotic cells created upon fertilization (cells remain with two nucleuses for a large part of their lives)*Sac Fungi (Ascomycota)-Morels, yeast, molds, lichens, Penicillum, baking yeast, Candida albicans (thrush)-Synapomorphy: ascus *Club fungi-“true fungi”: mushrooms, puffballs-Synapomorphy: basidiumC) Chytrids*Paraphyletic*Aquatic, singular/multicellular*Chytrid fungus (responsible for amphibian population crashes)D) Arbuscular mycorrhizal*Have infected 90% of plants*Plant-fungi partnership (penetrate cell wall, not membrane)IV. SummaryFungiMicrosporidia‘Chytrids’[unnamed taxon]Zygomycota[unnamed taxon]AM fungiDikaryaAscomycotaBasidiomycota*Terms to know: -hyphae: threadlike element of the mycelium-mycelium: vegetative part of fungi made up of strands of hyphae-ascus: sac that encases spores-basidia: a pedestal that holds up the reproductive
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