PILLAR 3 COGNITION MEMORY Course Definition Facts Active retention of information or experience over time culminating from encoding storage and retrieval processes Encoding Storage Taking information in requires attention Learning Retaining information Keeping information active Retrieval Getting information out of Memory Processes of Memory Attention Levels of Processing Elaboration memory storage either recall or recognition Ability to take something into awareness focusing mental resources e g selective divided sustained Continuum of attentional effort from shallow to deep resulting in better memory the deeper information is processed Formation of multiple different connections around a stimulus during encoding improved Self Reference effect memory for material connected to your own experience more connections and more meaningful connections 1 Definition in your own words 2 Applied example or 3 Use of the term in a unique personal sentence The faculty of encoding storing and retrieving information Sentence The three stages of memory encoding storage and retrieval Encoding is defined as the initial learning of information For example a word which is seen in a book may be stored if it is changed encoded into a sound or a meaning Storage refers to maintaining information over time For example if a group of participants are given a list of words to remember and then asked to recall the fourth word on the list participants go through the list in the order they heard it in order to retrieve the information Retrieval is the ability to access information when you need it Recalling the memory of your son drinking juice is an example of retrieval The concentration of awareness on some phenomenon to the exclusion of other stimuli For example times when an individual has difficulty concentrating attention on a task a conversation or a set of events The theory proposes that humans undertake three levels of processing shallow intermediate or deep when dealing with verbal information Sentence The difference in how people attend to information forms the basis for Craik and Lockhart s levels of processing model Elaboration is a cognitive learning strategy that involves any enhancement of information that clarifies or specifies the relationship between information to be learned and related information Example a learner s prior knowledge and experience or contiguously presented information 2021 22 GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY PSYCHOLOGY 1101 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 3 Stage Model of Memory Atkinson Shiffrin Theory of Memory 1 Sensory Memory 2 Short Term Working Memory 3 Long Term Memory mental imagery using Imagery pictures creates more connections and improves memory dual code hypothesis Holding sensory information in original form for an instant system for creating perceptual continuity Very brief buffer for all information perceived Duration a few milliseconds Capacity unlimited constrained by attention STM maintaining information for immediate use Duration 30 45 sec Capacity 7 2 items WM manipulation and integration of information being encoded with existing knowledge WM model is like an updated version of STM emphasizing the effort required to maintain and integration with LTM Permanent storage Duration unlimited Capacity unlimited Long Term Memory Systems 1 Declarative Explicit Memory Memory system that requires conscious attention for encoding to occur Semantic Memory Memory for factual information Sensory memory is one of several memory types that make up your ability to process and recall what you see Sentence Sensory memory is a brief precursor to short term memory that allows you to process and recall the sensations you take in Short term memory acts as a kind of scratch pad for temporary recall of the information which is being processed at any point in time and has been referred to as the brain s Post it note Example of working memory tasks could include holding a person s address in mind while listening to instructions about how to get there Long term memory refers to unlimited storage information to be maintained for long periods even for life Examples of long term memory include recollection of an important day in the distant past early birthday graduation etc Declarative or explicit memory is devoted to processing of names dates places facts events and so forth Sentence Declarative memory is specialized for fast processing and learning Semantic memory refers to our general world knowledge that encompasses memory for concepts facts and the meanings of words and other symbolic units that constitute formal communication systems such as language or math 2021 22 GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY PSYCHOLOGY 1101 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Episodic Memory Memory for events in our life 2 Implicit Memory Memory system wherein Procedural Memory Priming information is implicitly encoded with no effort or attention Implicitly encoded Memory for skills or procedures Difficult to trace steps by which learning takes place and difficult to teach Activation of information already in storage that helps encoding of related new information better and faster Getting a memory ready to be utilized or more completely retrieved Creating meaningful units of information to reduce the number of items to be remembered 2b3c1a abc 123 Preexisting organization of ideas by related concept connected ideas are organized together at the neural level process by which interconnected networks neurons ideas are formed and strengthened through practice and use Can be explicit or implicit implicit during REM sleep Schemas Consolidation Organization reorganization Organization Storage Chunking Example include factual information such as grammar and algebra Episodic memory is defined as the ability to recall and mentally re experience specific episodes from one s personal past Your memories of your first day of school your first kiss attending a friend s birthday party Implicit memory is a type of long term memory related to the impact that activities and experiences can have on your behavior Some examples of implicit memory include singing a familiar song typing on your computer keyboard It is the memory of how to do certain things Examples riding a bike tying your shoes and cooking an omelet are all examples of procedural memories Priming is a technique in which the introduction of one stimulus influences how people respond to a subsequent stimulus Example if a child sees a bag of candy next to a red bench they
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