Chapter 6 Volcanoes Materials Hazards and Eruptive Mechanisms CHAPTER 7 VOLCANOES TYPES BEHAVIOR AND RISKS Correct answers are indicated by an asterisk both in short answer and multiple choice questions True or False questions can be easily prepared from multiple choice questions Web Sites http eos higp hawaii edu eos http hvo wr usgs gov http interactive2 usgs gov learningweb explorer topic hazards volcanoes asp http lvo wr usgs gov http volcano und nodak edu http volcanoes usgs gov http volcanoes usgs gov educators html http vulcan wr usgs gov home html http www avo alaska edu http www dartmouth edu volcano http www geo mtu edu volcanoes http www ig utexas edu research projects lips lips htm http www soest hawaii edu GG hcv html http www volcano si edu http www vsc washington edu Videos Video NOVA Volcano Video NOVA In the path of a killer volcano Video NOVA Return to Mt St Helens Video National Geographic In the Shadow of Vesuvius 1989 60 min Exc footage of 1944 eruption of Vesuvius and reconstruction of the events that destroyed Pompeii and Herculaneum Video USGS library spec collections MS 955 345 Middlefield Rd Menlo Park CA 94025 415 3295009 Video BBC Horizon Series 1987 The Magma Chamber 50 min Osbour Court Olney Buckinghamshire MK 46 4AG United Kingdom Phone 0234 711198 or 713390 how studies of magma at depth aid in the prediction of eruptions Video Gould Media Inc Mount Vernon NY Volcanoes of the United States Video Gould Media Inc Mount Vernon NY Mount St Helens What Geologists learned Video Annenberg CPB Collection Earth revealed 13 Volcanism P O Box 1922 Santa Barbara CA Video Geoscience Resources Eruptive phenomena of Kilauea s East Zone Video Smithsonian Institution NHB 119 Washington DC 20560 Washington D C Inside Hawaiian volcanoes Video International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth s Interior Reducing Volcanic Risk Nature Catastrophe on Sakhalin References Carey S H Sigurdsson and C Mandeville 1992 Fire and water at Krakatau Earth v 1 no 2 1983 eruption Carey S H Sigurdsson C Mandeville and S Bronto 2000 Volcanic hazards from pyroclastic flow discharge into the sea Examples from the 1883 eruption of Krakatau Indonesia p 1 14 in McCoy F W and G Heiken editors Volcanic hazards and disasters in human antiquity Geological Society of America special Paper 345 Chapter 6 Volcanoes Materials Hazards and Eruptive Mechanisms Crandell D R and D R Nichols 1989 Volcanic hazards at Mt Shasta U S Geol Survey Decker R and B Decker 1989 Volcanoes W H Freeman and Co New York 285 p Ewert J W and D A Swanson 1992 Monitoring volcanoes Techniques and strategies used by the staff of the Cascades Volcano Observatory 1980 1990 U S Geol Survey Bull 1966 223 p Fisher R V G Heiken and J B Hulen 1997 Volcanoes Crucibles of Change Princeton University Press Princeton N J 317 p Heliker C 1993 Volcanic and seismic hazards on the Island of Hawaii Bishop Museum Press Honolulu 52 p Heliker C D A Swanson and T J Takahashi 2003 The Pu u O o Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea Volcano Hawai i The first 20 years U S Geological Survey Professional Paper 1676 206 p J ger S and G F Wieczorek 2000 Landslide susceptibility in the Tully Valley area Finger Lakes Region New York U S G S Open file report 94 615 14 p on line version Lipman P W and D R Mullineaux editors 1981 The 1980 eruptions of Mount St Helens Washington U S Geological Survey Professional Paper 1250 844 p McGuire W J A P Jones and J Neuberg editors 1996 Volcano instability on the earth and other planets Geological Society Special Publication no 110 Rhodes J M and J P Lockwood editors 1995 Mauna Loa Revealed Structure composition history and hazards American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph v 92 348 p Scarpa R and R I Tilling eds 1996 Monitoring and mitigation of volcano hazards Springer Verlag N Y 862 p Scott K M J W Vallance and P T Pringle 1995 Sedimentology behavior and hazards of debris flows at Mount Rainier Washington U S Geol Survey Prof Paper 1547 Sigurdsson H 1990 Assessment of the atmospheric impact of volcanic eruptions in Global catastrophes in Earth History An interdisciplinary conference on impacts volcanism and mass mortality V L Sharpton and P D Ward editors Geological Society of America Special Paper 247 Tilling R I 1989 Volcanic hazards International Geological Congress 28th Short Course in Geology Vol 1 American Geophysical Union Washington DC CHAPTER 7 End of Chapter Answers 1 What products of a volcano can kill large numbers of people long after the eruption has ceased mudflows 2 If a mudflow is heading down valley toward you what is the best way to survive climb the valley side to be above the flow 3 What is the driving force behind the explosive activity of a cinder cone Where does it come from Water in the ground boils to steam Expanding steam blows basalt cinders out of the vent 4 On a huge shield volcano such as Mauna Loa what is the main type of eruptive site Where on the volcano is or are such a site or sites rift zones along the crests of three radial ridges 5 Yellowstone Park has two huge calderas each more than 20 km across How do such calderas form a large mass of molten granite magma approaches the Earth s surface The rocks above that magma chamber sag into the magma leaving the depression Chapter 6 Volcanoes Materials Hazards and Eruptive Mechanisms 6 How can you tell whether a plume rising from a stirring volcano contains new magma that may soon erupt If the plume is dark it contains rock material If that material is fresh volcanic glass that indicates the presence of new magma 7 If a gigantic flow of flood basalt magma were to erupt why might that cause a sudden increase in global warming A huge amount of carbon dioxide released from the basalt magma would contribute to global warming 8 How does rhyolite magma form in the line of arc volcanoes like the Cascades Basalt magma rising from above the subducted slab heats granitic continental crust causing melting to form the rhyolite 9 Why do the Hawaiian Islands form a chain of volcanoes The lithosphere carrying Hawaii slowly moves over a hotspot feeding basalt magma to the overlying volcano As the volcano moves past the hotspot a new volcano forms over the active hotspot 10 Scientists once believed that if a volcano had not erupted in the last 10 000 to 12 000 years it was extinct What evidence is there that this is not really correct Give at least one example be specific Some volcanoes erupt after still longer periods of inactivity
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