Chapter 5 Tsunami CHAPTER 6 VOLCANOES MATERIALS HAZARDS AND ERUPTIVE MECHANISMS Correct answers are indicated by an asterisk both in short answer and multiple choice questions True or False questions can be easily prepared from multiple choice questions Web Sites http eos higp hawaii edu eos http hvo wr usgs gov http interactive2 usgs gov learningweb explorer topic hazards volcanoes asp http lvo wr usgs gov http volcano und nodak edu http volcanoes usgs gov http volcanoes usgs gov educators html http vulcan wr usgs gov home html http www avo alaska edu http www dartmouth edu volcano http www geo mtu edu volcanoes http www ig utexas edu research projects lips lips htm http www soest hawaii edu GG hcv html http www volcano si edu http www vsc washington edu Videos Video NOVA Volcano Video NOVA In the path of a killer volcano Video NOVA Return to Mt St Helens Video National Geographic In the Shadow of Vesuvius 1989 60 min Exc footage of 1944 eruption of Vesuvius and reconstruction of the events that destroyed Pompeii and Herculaneum Video USGS library spec collections MS 955 345 Middlefield Rd Menlo Park CA 94025 415 3295009 Video BBC Horizon Series 1987 The Magma Chamber 50 min Osbour Court Olney Buckinghamshire MK 46 4AG United Kingdom Phone 0234 711198 or 713390 how studies of magma at depth aid in the prediction of eruptions Video Gould Media Inc Mount Vernon NY Volcanoes of the United States Video Gould Media Inc Mount Vernon NY Mount St Helens What Geologists learned Video Annenberg CPB Collection Earth revealed 13 Volcanism P O Box 1922 Santa Barbara CA Video Geoscience Resources Eruptive phenomena of Kilauea s East Zone Video Smithsonian Institution NHB 119 Washington DC 20560 Washington D C Inside Hawaiian volcanoes Video International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth s Interior Reducing Volcanic Risk Nature Catastrophe on Sakhalin References Carey S H Sigurdsson and C Mandeville 1992 Fire and water at Krakatau Earth v 1 no 2 1983 eruption Carey S H Sigurdsson C Mandeville and S Bronto 2000 Volcanic hazards from pyroclastic flow discharge into the sea Examples from the 1883 eruption of Krakatau Indonesia p 1 14 in McCoy F W and G Heiken editors Volcanic hazards and disasters in human antiquity Geological Society of Chapter 5 Tsunami America special Paper 345 Crandell D R and D R Nichols 1989 Volcanic hazards at Mt Shasta U S Geol Survey Decker R and B Decker 1989 Volcanoes W H Freeman and Co New York 285 p Ewert J W and D A Swanson 1992 Monitoring volcanoes Techniques and strategies used by the staff of the Cascades Volcano Observatory 1980 1990 U S Geol Survey Bull 1966 223 p Fisher R V G Heiken and J B Hulen 1997 Volcanoes Crucibles of Change Princeton University Press Princeton N J 317 p Heliker C 1993 Volcanic and seismic hazards on the Island of Hawaii Bishop Museum Press Honolulu 52 p Heliker C D A Swanson and T J Takahashi 2003 The Pu u O o Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea Volcano Hawai i The first 20 years U S Geological Survey Professional Paper 1676 206 p J ger S and G F Wieczorek 2000 Landslide susceptibility in the Tully Valley area Finger Lakes Region New York U S G S Open file report 94 615 14 p on line version Lipman P W and D R Mullineaux editors 1981 The 1980 eruptions of Mount St Helens Washington U S Geological Survey Professional Paper 1250 844 p McGuire W J A P Jones and J Neuberg editors 1996 Volcano instability on the earth and other planets Geological Society Special Publication no 110 Rhodes J M and J P Lockwood editors 1995 Mauna Loa Revealed Structure composition history and hazards American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph v 92 348 p Scarpa R and R I Tilling eds 1996 Monitoring and mitigation of volcano hazards Springer Verlag N Y 862 p Scott K M J W Vallance and P T Pringle 1995 Sedimentology behavior and hazards of debris flows at Mount Rainier Washington U S Geol Survey Prof Paper 1547 Sigurdsson H 1990 Assessment of the atmospheric impact of volcanic eruptions in Global catastrophes in Earth History An interdisciplinary conference on impacts volcanism and mass mortality V L Sharpton and P D Ward editors Geological Society of America Special Paper 247 Tilling R I 1989 Volcanic hazards International Geological Congress 28th Short Course in Geology Vol 1 American Geophysical Union Washington DC CHAPTER 6 End of Chapter Answers 1 What factors influence the violence or style of an eruption amount of water more water more violent eruptions viscosity of the magma higher viscosity more violent eruptions or composition of magma e g rhyolite more violent than basalt 2 What properties of basalt magma control its eruptive behavior low water content a low viscosity 3 What properties of rhyolite magma control its eruptive behavior high water content high viscosity 4 What drives an explosive eruption steam 5 How does pahoehoe lava differ from aa lava pahoehoe is ropy looking aa is clinkery Chapter 5 Tsunami 6 How fast do red hot basalt flows typically move less than 1 meter per second about that of a brisk walk 7 How much ash on a roof would generally cause it to collapse about 20 cm 8 Which is more dangerous to a person an ash fall or an ash flow Why an ash flow Falling ash is cool or cold An ash flow would incinerate the person it is extremely hot and suffocating 9 Why is erupting volcanic ash dangerous to jet aircraft flying at an altitude of 8 to 10 kilometers 30 000 feet The ash gets into the engine and the engine heat melts it It coats the inside of the engine and can stop it causing the plane to crash 10 What causes a big bulge to slowly grow on the flank of an active Cascades volcano It grows because rising magma is pushing it up 11 If you visit Mount St Helens Washington you will see thousands of trees lying on the ground all parallel to one another Explain how they got that way The intense lateral blast at the beginning of the eruption blew them all down with their tops pointing away from the site of the blast 12 If an ash flow approaches you from across a kilometer wide lake are you likely to be safe or not Explain why Not safe Ash flows can cross much wider bodies of water 13 What characteristics of an old ash fall tuff will permit you to distinguish it from an old ash flow tuff an ash flow tuff is not thinly layered and pumice fragments in it generally become coarser upward Its lower part is commonly cross bedded It forms thicker deposits in valleys and its lower part may show lenses of black obsidian 14 Which of the
View Full Document
Unlocking...