1PSYC 302 Final Exam Review SheetSpring 2018Know definitions and application of all termsChapters 1/2 ScienceProducers and consumers of research4 scientific cyclesDefinition of research methods, empirical, objective, parsimony, confederate, control8 characteristics of science5 working assumptions of scienceLaw vs. research question vs. hypothesis vs. theory – definition and applicationWhat makes a good theory? (falsifiable, tentative, etc.)Basic vs. Applied vs. Translational Research Ways of knowing – what are they, which ones are empirical, limitations of them Confounds (see notes for chapter 5); conceptual/operational definitionsPitfalls of intuition; pop-up principle, cherry-picking the evidence, present/present biasChapter 7: SamplingDefinitions: Sample, population, sampling frame; best way to randomly sampleProbability vs. nonprobability samplingUncontrolled, Haphazard/Intercept, Purposive, Convenience samplingSimple random, stratified random, cluster, multi-stage sampling Oversampling, snowball samplingChapter 5: Measurement Definition of variable, measurement, reliability, validity, confound (see text ch 1), IV, DVIdentify IV, DV, confound, extraneous variable5 levels of measurement - be able to identify the kind of variable (e.g., continuous) and scale of measurement (e.g., ordinal)Definition and application of 4 types of reliabilityDefinition and application of 4 “types” of test validityError (random and systematic) Relationship between reliability and validityChapters 3 & 11: Research ValidityConceptual vs. operational definitions3 claims (frequency, association, causal)Definition of 4 research validities 3 threats of external validity, role demands, experimenter bias, and double-blind studythreats to the 4 research validities Identify confounds/threats to internal validity: design confound, selection effect, order effect, maturation, history, regression to the mean, attrition/mortality, testing, instrumentation, observer bias, demand characteristics, placebo effectrelationship between internal and external validitysolutions to role demands, experimenter bias2Chapter 9/10: Experimentsdefinition of true experiment relative to a quasi-experiment or non-experimentdefinition/identification of: confederate, protocol, pilot study, methodological rigormanipulation check: what is it, why is it important, how is it included in an experiment, recognition of a manipulation check in studyrandom sampling vs. random assignment and purpose for eachwithin vs. between subjects designs: definition and advantages and disadvantages of eachIdentify designs based on info about pretest, posttest, and control groupswhy pretest? and what do you do if there are differences on the pretest/?Matching; 2 requirements for matching; the purpose for matching and disadvantagesMost desirable results for a pretest-posttest design with 1 control & 1 experimental groupSolomon four group designDesigns to avoid (post-test only, one group pretest/post-test design)Order vs. sequence effectsCounterbalancing, reverse counterbalancing, block randomization, Latin square designDefinition/examples of controlmethod of difference, considering the research setting a preparation, instrumenting the response, statistical control, nuisance variables, standardization, reducing bias, direct vs. systematic replication5 general control strategiesLab vs. field studies: 2 major differences, advantages/disadvantages3 conditions for causalityStatistical vs. practical significanceChapter 12Definition/identification of factorial design, moderators (enhancers and inhibitors)Identify design (e.g., 4x2) and # of conditions/cells, number of possible outcomesHow is ANOVA different from/similar to a t-testDefinition and identification of main effect and interaction (numbers and graphs)Relationship between main effect and interaction and how to interpret themMarginal meansIndependent groups (between-subjects) factorial designsWithin groups (within subjects) factorial designsMixed factorial designssynergistic interaction, antagonistic interaction, ordinal/disordinal interaction, ceiling/floor effectModeration vs. mediationChapter 13: Quasi-ExperimentsDefinition of quasi-experimental design, nonexperiment, delayed control group design, interrupted time series design, multiple time-series design, repeated treatment designComparison/differences between true experiments, quasi-experiments, and nonexperimentsDefinition and desired results for anon-equivalent control group design; most interpretable designs3Chapter 8: Cross-sectional and Longitudinal designs, Program EvaluationCross-sectional vs. longitudinalvs. cross-sequential designsDefinition of developmental trend, cohort effect, cohort, secular trend, time lag effectProgram evaluation – definition, steps to conduct and sources of resistance to program evaluationChapter 6: Surveys/Observational Research Anonymous vs. confidentialHow to design a questionnaire/steps involved2 types of questions, advantages of eachSemantic differential, forced choice, leading questions, double-barreled questions, double negatives; biased samplesHow to write survey items and response options, Likert scalesResponse styles vs. response sets, socially desirable responding, self-deception vs. impression managementAdministering the questionnaires – pros and cons for each survey administration methodTypical response rates for each formatChapter 6: Observational Designs4 forms of observation on a continuum from least intrusive/reactive to most intrusive/reactivecharacteristics of observational research and best practices (pointers)observer bias, inductive vs. deductive methods, physical traceChapter 8: Correlational DesignsDefinition of correlational research, archival research, case study, pilot studyoutlier, statistically significantadvantages and disadvantages of archival researchManifest vs. latent content analysisChapter 13: Meta-analysisDefinition of meta-analysisbox score method, file drawer problem, publication biasd and r effects sizes, how to interpret each and benchmarks for doing soChapter 4: EthicsKey historical events that led to the generation of ethical guidelines and principles3 guiding principles of the Belmont Report5 APA general ethical principles,fraud and replicationEthical principles –who do they apply to, what to do when there are conflicts, how much stress isethical, authorshipInformed consent, debrief, deceptionAnimal rights vs.animal welfareSpeciesismStanford Prison