Final Day in Psychology 107 I II Treatment Historical Perspectives in the US a Early beliefs 1700s and earlier Mental Illness is caused by evil spirits and is permanent b Early 1800s Second Great Awakening i Shift to view that people can be improved ii Asylums become more prevalent as a form of treatment iii One focus Moral therapy as a cure 1 Religious training 2 Occupational therapy 3 Exercise reacreation 4 Hygiene Instruciton 5 Activities for specific interests e g painting carpentry gardening iv Other focus treatment of acute issues 1 Early treatments a Bloodletting b Spinning therapies c Cold baths d Sensory Deprivation e Laxatives f Opium Morphine c Late 1800 s early 1900s i Growing criticism of leaders superintendents of asylums 1 Minimal funding moral therapy ineffective chronic cases demanding schizophrenia etc 2 Movement toward reintegration of psychiatry into medicine Grob 1994 ii New types of therapies 1 Electroshock lobotomies a By 1951 almost 20 000 lobotomies had been performed in the US d Modern times i Psychological treatments psychotherapy ii Biological treatments Psychodynamic Therapies a Freud and his followers b The goal to achieve insight i Symptoms result from unconscious conflicts that were repressed during childhood ii Understanding these conflicts alleviates mental illness c Techniques for accessing the unconscious i Free association 1 Say whatever comes to mind 2 Stream of consciousness III ii Dream analysis 1 People achieve unconscious wish fulfillment in their dreams a Their desires are satisfied 2 Manifest content the activities and senses in dreams 3 Latent content the unconscious hidden messages in dreams iii Transference 1 Transferring thoughts or feelings from a past relationship onto the therapist 2 Allows patients to have interactions that would otherwise be difficult or impossible d Psychoanalysis in its original form i Freud ii Therapist sits behind patient iii Patient lies on a couch iv 3 5 sessions a week for several years v Some patients untreatable e Newer psychodynamic psychotherapies i Freud s followers ii Face to Face iii More interactive conversation iv More goal directed and much briefer v Focus on early traumatic experiences exploring daydreams fantasies emphasize relationship with therapist f Freud s lasting contributions to therapy i Fostering insight into unconscious desires conflicts ii Transference iii Remember Freud made contributions to psychology as a science as well e g the introduction of the unconscious Cognitive Behavioral Therapies a Behavioral Therapy i Based on learning theory behaviorism ii The goal is to alter maladaptive behaviors iii Not concerned with underlying psychological processes iv Strives to fix the behavioral problem not the underlying cause v Classical conditioning 1 To treat anxiety idosrders you want extinction 2 Exposure b Cognitive Therapy i Identify correct distorted thinking ii Cognitibe Restructuring question automatic beliefs assumptions predicitons that lead to negative emotions replace them with more realistic positive beliefs iii Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT IV 1 Blends behavioral therapy with cognitive restructuring techniques 2 problem focuse and action oriented 3 Transparent nothing withheld form the client Biological Treatments a the goal is alter the body s biological functioning i Often very effective especially when used with therapy ii Can lead to unpleasant side effects b Pharmacotherapy Using medicine to treat mental disorders i Anti anxiety druges tranquilizers e g Valiam Xanax 1 Benzodiazepines facilitates the NT GABA 2 Side effects Drowsiness memory loss of coordination tolerance and withdrawal ii Antidepressants e g Prozac Wellbutrin 1 SSRIs SNRIs 2 Side effects Nausea headaches loss of sexual interest 3 Only really useful for depression not making people extra happy 4 Not a good treatment for bipolar disorder iii Anti psycotics e g Thorazine Clozaril 1 Dopamine sometimes serotonin blockers 2 Made schizophrenia much more manageable and many were released from asylums in the 1960s 3 Side effects often require additional meds 4 Tardive dyskinesia a condintoin of involuntary movemtns of the face mouth and extrematies c Electroconvulsive therapy ECT administering electrical shock to induce a seizure i shock therapy ii Often effective fore severe depression iii Typically used as a last resort iv