Ch14 1 Psychopathology Psychopathology A disorder of the mind i Mental illness A The medical model a Psychological abnormalities are diseases i Differs from prior conceptualizations supernatural criminality b Distinguishes normal from Abnormal i Diagnose what do the symptoms suggest c The goal is to cure illness i Today we focus on diagnosis Thursday on treatments B What is abnormal a The DSM IV TR 2000 i Two main goals 1 Categorizes mental disorders 2 Describe features of each disorder to aid clinicians in distinguishing disorders from one another ii First edition published in 1952 iii Now more than 300 disorders b Three key elements of mental disroders i Symptoms involve distrubances in behavior thoughts or emotions ii Symptoms stem from internal dysfunction iii Symptoms cause personal distress or impairment c Identifying disorders should not be a popularity contest i Just because the behavior is uncommon or socially undesirable does not make it a disorder 1 Drapetomania 1851 a psychological disorder that caused slaves to want to escape 2 Homosexuality was dropped from the DSM in 1974 C Labeling a Labels can cause people to be treated badly i The Rosenhan 1973 study p 557 on being sane in insane places 1 7 normal people go to psychiatric hospitals 2 Claim they re hearing voices e g thud and Hollow no other symptoms 3 All hospitals admitted the patients who immediately stopped reporting any symptoms 4 Staff interpreted normal behavior writing in notebook waiting in line as evidence of mental illness 5 Took 9 to 62 days for patients to be released D What causes mental disorders a Rarely is there a single cause virus or bacteria b Diathesis stress model mental disorders result from a combination of predispostions and stress i Diathesis An underlying vulnerability 1 Ex genetics childhood abuse ii Stress a precipitating event 1 Ex unemployment divorce c This model is largely accurate for most mental disorders Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Tense negative emotional state Some amount of anxiety is good but excessive anxiety is destructive Yerkes Dodson Law Anxiety disorders excessive anxiety in the absence of true danger A Phobias a Persistent excessive fear and acoidance of specific objects activites or situations i Ex heights spiders snakes fling enclosed spaces social situations b The person strives to avoid exposure c Occurrence in Americans 11 B Generalized anxiety disorder GAD a Chronic excessive worry along wit 3 of the following syptoms restlessness fatigue concentration problems irritability muscle stension sleep disturbance b Often preceded by major life change c Frequency of occurrence 5 of North Americans C Panic Disorders a Sudden overwhelming attacks of terror b Psychological and physiological symptoms i Feels like you re dying e g heart attack c Attacks last several minutes d Can lead to social withdrawal and even agoraphobia extreme fear of public places i Because they might have a panic attack in public e 22 of US have had at least 1 panic attack 3 5 actually diagnosed with panic disorder D Obsessive compulsive disorder OCD a Obsessions Frequent intrusive thoughts b Compulsions Behaviors or rituals that one feels driven to perform i Washing checking locking c OCD people sometimes fear what they might have done i Obsessions produce anxiety which then produce compulsions d Occurrence in Americans 2 3 of the population Mood disorders Mood disorders Mental disorders with mood disturbance as their predominant feature Life time risk of depression US 16 A Major depressive disorder a Sever sadness and a lack of interest in normally pleasurable activities b Feeling of worthlessness c Sleep and appetite distrubances d Episode lasts at least 2 weeks i Average episode 12 weeks e Twice as likely in women as men B Dysthymia a Miler form of depression b But it lasts for at least 2 years c Dysthymia is chornic whereas major depression is acute C Bipolar disorder manic depression a An unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of mania nad depression b Mania i Elevated mood increased activity etc ii Can conquer the world c Much rarer than depression 1 3 of US pop d Bipolar Video Schizophrenia a disorder characterized by severely abnormal thoughts perceptions or consciousness a devastating disorder large genetic influence schizophrenia does not equal multiple personalities A positive symptoms adding things that aren t there a Delusions false beliefs about reality e g persecution b Hallucinations false sensory perceptions e g voices in your head c Disorganized behavior behavior that does not fit the circumstances e g masturbating in public B Negative symptoms Deficits in functioning a Ex Apathy flat affect no interest in socializing Dissociative Disorders Dissociative disorders normal cognitive processes are disjointed fragmented creating disruptions in memory awareness or personality o Disruptions can last from minutes to years o Several types Dissociative amnesia Dissociative fugue Dissociative identity disorder DID 2 distinct identities that take over the individual s behavior Multiple personality disorder no longer called that triggered by childhood abuse debatable Really Rare Personality Disorders DSM def An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly form the expectations of the individual s culture is pervasive and inflexible has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood is stable over time and leads to distress or impairment 14 8 of the US diagnosed with PD Controversial diffictult to diagnose 3 clusters o Odd eccentric 3 disorders Schizotypal eccentric thoughts speech dress behavior Paranoid extremely suspicious and distructful of others Schizoid withdraws from relationships loner o Dramatic Erratic 4 disorders Borderline unstable moods relationshiops unpredictable Histrionic seeks attention overly dramatic acts as if performing for others Narcissistic exaggerates own importance manipulative exploitative good first impressions bad relationships Antisocial little empathy or remores disregards rights of others o Anxious inhibited 3 disorders Avoidant extremely socially anxious afraid of criticism embarrassment avoids social situations Dependent Clingy low self confidence not comfortable being alone Obsessive Compulsive extremely conscientious needs Positive psychology mental health is much more than the absece of mental illness We have a science of mental illness but no science of mental health o Mental illness is worse than neutral o Mental