Chapter 3 1 3 2 Biological Psychology the Brain Outside of the brain is called the cortex o From the figure you can see different lobes Lobes are separated by fissures o Frontal goal setting planning higher level thinking o Temporal auditory processing o Broca s area speech production o Wernicke s area speech comprehension Area because there is no specific boundary to the grouping of cells o 2 hemispheres Left and Right Thalamus sensory neurons come in here Hippocampus memory staging area where memories first occur Amygdala emotional experiences Labeling neuron nerve cell graphic on test 3 all neurons have axons dendrites and soma cell body o cell body has extensions called dendrites axon hillock where axon and soma join together where the action potential begins axon long shaft with nodes and myelin sheath where action potential mostly occurs terminal buttons contain vesicles contain chemicals called neurotransmitters myelin sheath insulating material o last components to complete itself 20 21yrs old o gaps nodes of Ranvier brain electrochemical system o neuron electrochemical device electric signals that propagate along axon terminal buttons release neurotransmitters that attach to synapse gap of the dendrite of a downstream neuron signals are charged Action Potential begins at the axon hillock and propagates to the end of the axon o 1 At rest inside of the neuron membrane is negative relative to the outside o 2 Sodium ions move inside the cell causing an action potential the influx of positive sodium ions makes the inside of the membrane more positive than the outside o 3 Potassium ions flow out of the cell restoring the resting potential net charges o sodium ions are pumped out of the cell and potassium ions are pumped into the cell restoring the original distribution of ions Ions charged molecules or atoms o elements combine to form molecules o ions are inside and outside of the neurons membrane threshold of excitation o action potential nerve impulse o an electric signal generated within the axon of a neuron occur when the electric charge i e potential of the cell body of a neuron reaches the threshold of exciation is a spike of constant amplitude polarization
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