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TAMU PSYC 107 - PSYC 107

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Create an account on the sona Systemhttp://tamupsychology.sona-systems.comPrescreening starts August 318-28-2012PSYC 107 Create an account on the sona System- http://tamupsychology.sona-systems.com- Prescreening starts August 31 8-28-2012Chapter 1- Pioneers of Psychology (Roots of Psych)- Philosophical Guys1. Platoa. Idea of Nativismi. Born with Certain types of knowledge 1. Right and Wrong2. Deity3. Logical Thinking2. Aristotlea. Philosophical Empiricismi. Learn right and wrong through peopleii. Gain from experience everything we know3. Descartesa. Dualismi. Idea that the body and the mind are separate identities1. Body follows Physics2. Mind does not3. Interested in how they work togetherii. Skepticism1. Doubt everything until you can prove it to be true- Science Guys1. Charles Darwina. Natural Selection i. Idea that features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely that other features to be passed on to subsequent generationsii. These features are “adaptive”2. William Jamesa. Consciousness serves an important biological functionb. Functionalism: the study of the purpose that mental processes serve in helping people adapt to their environment 3. Wilhelm Wundt a. First psychology lab at the University of Leipzig, 1879b. Structuralism: the analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind.i. Used reaction times to separate perception from interpretationii. Introspection: the subjective observation of one’s own experience- Other Pioneers of Psychology1. Sigmund Freuda. Unconsciousi. Parts of our mind we’re not aware of have a strong influence b. Psychoanalysisi. A form of psychotherapy2. Watsona. Classical Conditioningi. After training, a previously neutral stimulus can cause a “conditioned” response3. BF Skinnera. Operant conditioningi. The consequences of a certain behavior influence whether it will be repeated- Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavioro Mind: our private inner experience of perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelingso Behavior: observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals- Explaining behavior and the operation of the mind can happen within and across levels of analysiso Genetic – gene mechanisms, heritability, twin and adoption studies Genes for risk-taking, kin selectiono Neurochemical – Neurotransmitters and hormones, animal studies, drug studies Testosterone, cortisolo Brain Systems – Neuroanatomical structures, animal studies, brain imaging Amygdala, prefrontal cortexo Behavioral – observable actions, responses, physical movements Struggling with wheelchair, fatigueo Perceptual and Cognitive – thinking, decision making, language, memory, beliefs Empathy/ Evacuation Schemao Individual – personality traits, sex differences, developmental age changes Conscientiousness, trait anxietyo Social and Cultural – situations, context, cultural norms “Hero” Stereotype, action movies8-30-20121. Psychology, Science, and trutha. The Goal of Science: to discover Truthi. Truth that which corresponds to realityb. Some methods of discovering truthi. Intuition – it feels trueii. Metaphysics – religion, mythology, etc.iii. Logic – basic assumptions, if then reasoningiv. Science – Based on observation and evidencec. Applications:i. Is the earth flat? Is it the center of the universe?ii. If an expert believes something to be true, should we also believe it?1. Experts often have terrific insidghts, but scientists view these insights should be viewed as testable hypotheses rather than as facts2. Theories, Hypotheses, and Operationalizationsa. Theory: a hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomenoni. Can support or disprove, but never prove, a truth1. Smoking causes lung cancerb. Hypothesis: a testable, falsifiable prediction made by a theoryi. Used to support or disprove (not prove!) a theoryc. Operational Definitions: Description of of an abrtact property in concrete, measurable termsi. # of cigarettes smoked per day3. Reliability and validitya. Reliaility: the tendency for a measure to produce the same result whenever it is used to measure the same thingi. Consistentii. Rulers, a scale, a self report measure of happinessb. Validity: The extent to which a measurement and a property are conceptually relatedi. Accurateii. Is the measure sensibly related to the underlying contruct?c. Frequency Distributions: Graphical representations of the measurement of a samplei. A mean difference does not mean all people in one group differ from all people in the otherd. Central Tendencyi. Mean: the average of the measurementsii. Medium: the middle measurement; half below, half aboveiii. Mode: the most frequent


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