IR 369 EXAM 2 REVIEW Pinder and Usherwood chapters 1 to 3 The European Union represents a durable peace for the world following World War II It helps to guarantee future stability between countries such as Belgium Italy Luxembourg the Netherlands France and Germany In addition it has further impact by being a potential contributor to making the world a safer place in fields such as climate change and peacekeeping as well as help other countries and foreign governments in matters of finance and economics There are a few theories that are related to the European Union Federalists believe that the EU Community can be seen as developing by a process of spillover Federalists go beyond neo functionalism by relating the transfer of powers to the Union less to spillover from existing powers to new ones On the other hand realists favor a more anarchic system with the possibility of zero progress The founding of EU can about in the 1950s with founding treaties However a major complication is that the European Union was set up by the Maastricht Treaty with two new pillars for foreign policy and internal security alongside the EU which already had its own treaties There are 3 basic pillars of EU The EU is comprised of common institutions which is comprised by the European Community Common Foreign and Security Policy and Police Judicial Co operation in Criminal Matters The EU is governed through a hierarchy that starts with the European Council Next there is the Council of Ministers Commission and European Parliament Working with these three groups are the committee of regions economic and social committee and court of auditors There is also the court of justice and the court of first instance which works alongside it Chapter 1 What the EU is for A durable peace For France and Germany which had been at war with each other three times in the last eight decades finding a way to live together in a durable peace was a fundamental political priority The other four states but especially France were alarmed by the independence of Germany and so they wanted to bind Germany within strong European institutions to preserve peace Economic strength and prosperity Removal of barriers common governance and common market the goal was to perform together in the economic field The ECSC was the first step of a political and economic unification Become a major actor in the international system and challenge the United States and the USSR Common market with a common external tariff would permit to enter trade negotiations on lever terms with the United States Conduct a common external policy to exist independently from the two protagonists of the Cold War and to restore European influence in the wider world Theories Realist and neo realist the Community and the Union have not changed the relationship between the members Each government continues to pursue its national interests and seeks to maximize its power within the EU as elsewhere Liberal intergorvernmentalist the play of forces in the domestic politics explains governments behavior in the Union States behavior is determined by national context and interests Neo functionalist governments are seduced by the success of the Community in the two industrial sectors and so would like to extend the fields and competences of the Community to benefit from this organization in other sectors This logic can eventually provide a form of European governance for a wide range of the affairs of the member states Federalist governments are unable to deal effectively with problems that have become transnational economy security environment and so they have to transfer some powers to the Union Those new powers of the Union have to be used in collaboration with States which are the guarantee of democracy rule of law and representative governments Chapter 2 How the EU was made 1950s The founding treaties Jean Monnet was responsible for drafting the Schuman declaration chaired the negotiations for the ECSC Treaty 1951 and was the first president of its High Authority 1954 French National Assembly failed to ratify a Treaty for a European Defence Community and compromised the politic unification The idea of a competence of the Union in the field of defence remained a no go area until the 1990s 1958 The economic unification goes further with the creation European Economic Community extension of the ECSC Treaty to all goods and creation of a general common market internal free trade and external common tariff common policies for some sectors such as agriculture and general cooperation European Atomic Energy Community Euratom 1960s De Gaulle against the Federalists June 1958 De Gaulle became French President He did not like the federal inspirations of the Community and wanted to use it as a means to advance French power and leadership 1963 De Gaulle s veto against the enlargement of the Community to Britain Denmark Ireland and Norway 1965 disagreements between De Gaulle the Commission and Germany about the arrangements for the common agriculture policy CAP crisis of the empty chair De Gaulle forbade to his ministers to attend meetings of the Council January 1966 Luxembourg compromise The French government asserted a right to veto when interests very important to one or more member states are at stake the five other members affirmed their commitment to the treaty provision for qualified majority voting on certain questions Progression of the European rule of law during the 1960s made by the European Court of Justice De Gaulle resigned in 1969 and was replaced by Pompidou a pragmatic intergovernmentalist 1970 Treaty defining that the budget would under the shared control of the European Parliament and the Council except in some sensitive sectors such as agriculture In 1975 a second treaty enhanced the Parliament s role January 1973 after many efforts from each part and good relations established between Pompidou and the Birtish government Britain Ireland and Denmark joined the Community Norwegians rejected accession in a referendum 1979 Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister in Britain and began to fight to assert the principles of intergovernmentalism 1974 Pompidou died and Valery Giscard d Estaing became French President 1977 Roy Jenkins became President of the Commission Labour Party federalist and acted for the creation in 1979 of a European Monetary System EMS 1984 the draft Treaty establishing the European Union Under the impetus of the Italian parliamentarian Altiero Spinelli a