Introduction to the Department of Communication at the University of Arizona (p. A-1) 1. Know what the Department of Communication examines. Human message systems, particularly on the ways in which human beings create, exchange, and are affected by messages.2. Know the Department of Communication’s four areas of research expertise. Interpersonal communication Mass communication Health communicationSocial influenceCareers in Communication (pp. A-4 – A-6) 1. Know the general skills a communication degree from the University of Arizona is designed to provide. Students can speak and write clearly and effectivelyStudents can research, and are critical consumers of information, and critical thinkers2. Know the career options popular among communication graduates. EducationSocial and Human servicesBusinessInternational relations and negotiationsLawHealth careersGovernment/PoliticsPublic relationsAdvertisingElectronic media/radio-television/broadcastingHigh technology industriesWhat is Nonverbal Communication? (pp. A-18 – A-20) 1. Know the five reasons why nonverbal communication is of interest to scholars and the public. Nonverbal behaviors are:- Produced outside of conscious awareness of the sender.- Difficult to consciously control (indicative of true thoughts and feelings)- Universally understood- An innate skill- A possible origin for human language, especially gesture2. Know the two major approaches to the study of nonverbal communication.The Channel Approach, which breaks nonverbal communication down into its various “channels”. The Functional Approach, which studies the different functions served by nonverbal behaviors. Boxing Plato’s Shadow, Introduction: Studying Communication (pp. xv – xx) 1. Know how Robert Gunderson described communication scholars. Communication study is a “discipline of refugees”, where scholars began their careers intending to be something else.2. Know how much time the average person spends communicating. About 75 percent of our day involves communication. One estimate suggests that we “listen a book a day, speak a book a week, read the equivalent of a book a month, and write the equivalent of a book a year”. Boxing Plato’s Shadow, Chapter 1: The Beginning of Communication Study (pp. 1 – 14) 1. Know Athens’ two important innovations. - The adversary of justice (arguing rather than trial-by-combat)- Democracy2. Know why a market for skilled speakers developed in Athens. The more skilled one was at communicating, the more arguments/court cases one won. This allowed you to acquire more wealth, a position/status and power. 3. Know the meaning of the term “sophist” and the contributions of the sophists.Sophist = those that studied and taught persuasive public speaking. They taught the Athenians rhetoric and public speaking, among other things. They started the systematic study of communication.4. Know the attitudes of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle towards rhetoric. Socrates –He thought of communication as a profound, intimate enacting of relationship. He strongly objected to the use of writing. He viewed rhetoric as, at best, a base pursuit. Plato – He objected to the sophists’ teaching of rhetoric on the grounds that they favored style over substance and valued technique more than truth. He saw it as about equal to cookery in difficulty or complexity. Aristotle – Invented formal logic, and thought it was the duty of an honorable man to be well armed with rhetorical skills so that they could defend truth.5. Know the meaning behind the title “Boxing Plato’s Shadow.”Plato’s condemnation of the study of communication has caused the long-lasting “public relations” problem. Boxing Plato’s Shadow, Chapter 2: Communication Study from Aristotle’s Time to the Twentieth Century (pp. 15 – 32) 1. Know the role of Alexander the Great in preserving ancient knowledge about rhetoric. Brought the writings of Aristotle, Plato and the sophists through Persia and Egypt. They were preserved in the library.2. Know where Aristotle’s writings were preserved during the period when they were lost to Europe. They were preserved in the library of Alexandria in their Arabic translations.3. Know how Aristotle’s writings and other ancient knowledge returned to Europe. The Moors brought it over when they conquered Spain. 4. Know how humanism, the renaissance and the printing press influenced the understanding of communication.Humanism wanted to understand, develop and celebrate human nature and potential.The renaissance scholars liked to categorize things, and so fragmented the study of rhetoric. Rhetoric = style, memory and delivery. Other scholars said it was central to constructing the social world. It was a means of philosophizing.Any major technological chance alters how humans interact and communicate. Memory became obsolete as a canon of rhetoric. The new ideal for communication was a literary one, reflecting the new mass medium of print. 5. Know why there was renewed study and interest in rhetoric in the 19th century. Francis Bacon suggested the study of gestures, and John Bulwer published Chirologia in 1644 to address the nonverbal expression of thoughts and feelings. Bulwer’s work markedthe beginning of scientific research on communication. George Campbell, Hugh Blair and Richard Whately made significant new contributions to our understanding of rhetoric and restored the study to its full Aristotelian scope; rhetoric with psychology, logic and aesthetics. (25)6. Know the meaning of elocution and its significance.Eloqution was what Gilbert Austin and Thomas Sheridan called the approach to the need for middle class folk to learn how to properly present themselves. Elocutionists sought to teach the study of communication as a science. Boxing Plato’s Shadow, Chapter 3: Humanistic Study of Communication in the Twentieth Century (pp. 33 – 55) 1. Know the two criteria that emerged during the 19th century for determining whether anarea of study was a discipline. - The content must represent a substantial and discrete subject area not covered by any other discipline.- The discipline must have a methodology of its own—a set of systematic methods for developing new knowledge about the subject.2. Know the early challenges faced by communication as it struggled to be recognized as a modern academic discipline.Colleges could label it however they chose because it didn’t meet the standard for a discipline of its own.