The Digital Nature of Language - Language relies on a common ground of shared meaningo There’s nothing that links most language codes to the thing they represento You have to know what the code means or it doesn’t make sense Symbols- Symbol system where they stand for something else Rules for using symbols- Help us know what’s right and what’s wrong, etc- Syntactic o Order of information being incorrect (GRG vs GUG – which one could be a word in English)- Semantico What symbols meano Words sometimes have multiple meaningso Denotation and Connotation o Denotation = dictionary meaningo Connotation = Own personal meaning of wordso “Colorless green ideas sleep furiously”o Pragmatic How we actually use language to accomplish our goals.- Relatively precise o You can describe something in extreme detailo Paint any picture of reality that we want to- Allows for the expression of abstract ideas- Self reflectiono Metacommunicationo Use language to talk about languageLanguage and Thought- Sapir-Worf hypothesiso The world is perceived differently by members of different communities and this perception is transmitted and sustained by languageo Language is a tool boxo Different tools give you a fundamental difference in perceiving the world- Language problemso Abstract language- “later”o Inferences – we can get inferences wrong. “You know”o Dichotomies (opposites) – describe endpoints, but not the area in themiddleo Euphemisms – word substitutions that often soften language – humans are politeo Equivocal language- Learning languageo Extremely challengingo How do we master language, and why can infants do it but adults cannot Behaviorism – term that refers to how we can learn anything- Focuses on the overt behaviours that we are exposed to- Infants are conditioned to use language Linguistics/Psycholinguistics- Humans have a unique, innate linguistic abilityCharacteristics of Nonverbal Communication - Definition: defined by tubbs as communication without words. Can co-occur with words. The non-language part. Posture, duration, volume, etc- Occurs with high frequency, more frequent than language- Can occur when you’re not involved in verbal communication - No reliance on order- A significant amount of meaning is contained in the nonverbal component on a message- more than half. “Not what you say but how you say it.” 93%- Meaning: no dictionary, but inherent. We just kind of figure it out. Analogic code system: analogic characteristics of nonverbal communication- Variable intensity, we can have a small amount or large amount or anything in between- Potential for universal meaning, charades – nonverbal meanings can change between cultures- Simultaneous transmission – communicate all the time- Automatic processing – we can process it without having to think about it too muchAssociation between nonverbal communication and language- They co occur - Replace language: waving instead of saying hello.- Reinforce, waving and saying hello at the same time- Contradict: yelling “I’M NOT ANGRY” – believe nonverbal instead of wordsNonverbal Channels- Kinesics: body language, body cues (Charades)o Body orientation – direction you’re turnedo Gestures Emblems Adaptors Regulators – regulate the flow of communication. Similar to how a traffic cop uses gestures Illustratorso Facial cues- number one source of nonverbal communication Good at covering up but still a valuable source of informationo Oculesics- eye behavior, what you’re looking at- Objectics -how you decorate your room, how do you take notes- Proxemics -has to deal with space; there are certain distances we judge- Haptics-touching behavior; ambiguous; we need to know the basis of the relationship- Paralinguistics-tone of voice; high or low tone pitch of voice; pausing, uhmmm, ahhh- Chronemics-has to do with timeFunctions of nonverbal behaviors- facilitating service or task goals - Regulating interaction-voice, changing inflection, gestures - Providing information- Expressing relational judgements -how we tell human beings how we feel about each other; How much do I like them? How much do they like me? Who is in charge of this situation?o 1. Intimacy/affiliation o 2. Social