Invention of Rhetoric- Conditions in Athens create a market- Sophists invent the study of rhetorico Sophists =teacherso Lots of people disliked them, but that didn’t stop anyone - Aristotle: “the art of discovering all the available means of persuasion in a given situation”- Socrates-> Plato -> Aristotle o Socrates and Plato did not agree with Rhetoric, and they did not like how things were changingo Aristotle was the newer generation- Socrates, plato, and the shadowo The shadow is Plato’s dislike of Rhetorico Plato was a super elitisto “Rawr normal people aren’t allowed in”o Socrates, Plato  Idealismo Idealists want things to be a certain way even if it’s not practical. o Believed that Rhetoric was against the gods (bullshit)- Athenian values were changingo People were willing to try something new- Democratic Inclusion (for male citizens)o Public serviceo Need to become educated so that you can vote for the right candidate - Socrates and Plato objected to Rhetoric like whiny old men (Plato’s Shadow)- Aristotle’s Resolutiono Rhetoric is used and it matterso “If we don’t learn it, people will abuse it without the citizens knowingo Aristotle’s empiricism vs Plato’s idealismo Probably truths  We can’t always know what’s true but we can know what is likely trueo It is the duty of the honorable to know rhetorico Self-protectiono Institutions do not always do things rightContinuing 2000 year history- Philip of Macedon- father of Alexander the Greato Aristotle taught Alexander the Greato Alex took Rhetoric to Egypto (Sidenote that isn’t important, but the Egyptians loved puns which is great)o Alexander was making copies of all of the Ancient knowledge- Europe lost its ancient knowledgeo The dark ages (dun DUN)- Moors returned knowledge to Europe- Europe recovered it’s ancient knowledge20th and 21st century comm study- Formation of modern academic disciplines- A thriving discipline today- Two answers to the question, “Why did X occur”o Why? From the perspective of science (World View I) Force and weight etco Why? From the perspective of history (world view ii) Because he was illustrating a point All that jazz- Both right answers but very different- Definitionso Science  An Emphasis on careful observation to produce knowledge, use of the scientific method Scientific method- Ask a question- Do background research- Construct a hypothesis- Collect data (research) - Analyze your data and draw a conclusion - Communicate your result (Publish)o Humanism An emphasis on individual human experience as the basis of morality and knowledge Human centered view Human understanding and human interpretation More vague INTERPRETIVE - Variations in Philosophical orientations toward theoryo Philospophical orientation refers to the assumptions scholars make about the world, people, and their own role in that world.o {See Science and Humanism handout on d2l}o Argument between the two is like arguing politics or religiono Epistemology: the study of knowledge, how do we know what is truth, how do we know what is reality- Goals for theory: Science o Explanationo Development of hypothesis o Accurate prediction o Organization and simplification o Implementation- Goals for Theory: Humanismo Insight o Clarification of valueso Eleganceo ReformResearch - Definition: a set of systematic procedures for gathering credible information about some object or