Communication 101 Text Study Guide, Exam 3What is Communication and Technology? (p. A-23 – A-24) 1. Know the three primary areas being studied in the context of health and communication technology.a. The use of communication technologies to search for health informationb. Communication with one’s doctorc. Acquiring social support as one copes with illness2. Know in what time frame research in this general topic area began.Research in this topic began in the late 1970’s and earl 1980’sWhat are Media Effects? (pp. A-24 – A-27) 1. Know the definition of mass communication.A definition given by Communication scholars DeFleur and Dennis:- Mass communication is a process in which professional communicators use media to disseminate messages widely, rapidly, and continuously to arouse intended meanings in large and diverse audiences in attempts to influence them in a variety of ways2. Know the difference between the two types of media effects studied by researchers.a. Intended effects- deliberate attempts on the part of the communicator to influence the recipient in some wayb. Unintended effects- unintended effects that are produced in an audience from a message that was not necessarily meant to produce that effectWhat is Small Group Communication? (pp. A-29 – A-31) 1. Know the definition of small group communication.- The study of messages produced during decision-making interactions2. Know the two types of influence relevant to small group communication.a. Normative influence occurs when a member changes his or her mind or preference to be consistent with what other members preferb. Communicative influence is when the quality of arguments and the evidence that supports them persuades members to adopt a course of action over other possibilities3. Know the two types of communication relevant to small group communication.a. Promotive communication consists of messages that assist a group in identifying relevant characteristics of a problem and for developing solutions. Messages include useful information, make strong (non-fallacious) arguments, seek or give opinions, resolve conflict, and develop positive working relationships among membersb. Disruptive communication hinders effective group problem-solving and decision-making by focusing groups on irrelevant issues that hinder information sharing, creates conflict, advances hidden agendas, and allows fallacious arguments to go unchallengedWhat is Intergroup Communication? (pp. A-31 – A-33) 1. Know the definition of intergroup communication.- Intergroup communication is the study of how communication between people from different social groups is different from what occurs when people communicate within their social groups, or more generally how communication changes based on social group memberships2. Know the types of groups that are relevant to intergroup communication and the three things thesegroups have in common.- Age groups- Race/ethnicity- Religions- Gender- Groups based on sexuality- National groups1. The groups are relatively large groups; intergroup communication is not typically concerned with very small groups such as family or class2. The groups are very important to some of their members; Many people feel pride and very strong feelings of connection associated with their groups3. Within these categories it is possible to identify groups that are in contrast to one anotherWhat is Environmental Communication? (pp. A-33 – A-35) 1. Know the definition of environmental communication.- Environmental communication is the study of how cultures, societies, institutions and individuals create, distribute, receive and understand environmental messages2. Know the different disciplines interested in environmental communication.Academic disciplines: Communication, environmental studies, psychology, risk analysis/ decision making, environmental science, political science, political ecology and sociology.-Cultural studies: provides valuable information about the stories societies tell about important issues-Public Relations/ Marketing: promoting or deemphasizing certain environmental messages is ultimately about influencing the flow of information in society. Firms seek to influence the flow of information while building and maintaining mutually beneficial relationships between organizations and their publics-Journalism: journalists reach large audiences through media; they play a vital role in generating concernfor and fostering understanding of urgent environmental issues-Media effects: The continued reliance on mass media as a source of information for the public has resulted in extensive research examining what environmental messages appear in the media and how these messages shape or change people’s attitudes, opinions and beliefs about the environment.-Interpersonal Communication: similar to research in political communication; scholars in environmentalcommunication try to understand how information flows through social networks. In essence, these studies attempt to understand why people talk about environmental issues and the effect that these interpersonal discussions have on people’s beliefs about the environmentHuman Communication, Chapter 10: Intercultural Communication (pp. 283 – 317) 1. Know the three approaches to studying culture.A. The Social Science Approacha. The most traditional approachb. Built on methods and assumption derived from psychology and sociologyc. Assumed that behavior can be observed, measured, and predicted- that descriptive often quantitative methods can be objective- and that we can discover universals about human behavior.d. Communication is influenced by culture; primary interest is in describing/comparing culturesB. The Interpretive Approacha. Derives its methods from anthropology and linguisticsb. Focus in on the subjective experience of the individualc. Research emphasis is qualitative rather than quantitatived. Goal is understanding rather than predicting behavior, taking a perspective from within the culturee. Researches may get to know the people they study wellC. The Critical Approacha. Primarily concerned with creating change by examining power relationships within culturesb. Stresses importance of social, political, economic, and historical contextsc. Focus is on social rather than individual relationsd. According to this view, power relationships characterize all intercultural transactionse. Goal is producing actual changef.