Name:____________________ Revised CR 1/16/14 © LaBrake & Vanden Bout 2014 Department of Chemistry University of Texas at Austin Redox Basics – Supplemental Worksheet KEY 1. Reactions that involve transfer of electrons are called redox or oxidation-reduction reactions. 2. A process in which electrons are lost is called oxidation. 3. A process in which electrons are gained is called reduction. 4. Loss of electrons cannot occur without gain of electrons and therefore, a reduction must take place at the same time as an oxidation. 5. When a substance undergoes a reduction, it causes the oxidation of another substance. Therefore, it is called oxidizing agent. 6. Oxidation numbers are used to keep track of electrons transfer. When a substance undergoes an oxidation its oxidation number increases. 7. The oxidation number of any free element such as H2, Br2, Na, Xe is zero. 8. The oxidation number of an element in a monatomic ion is the charge of the ion. Therefore, the oxidation number of the sodium ion, Na+, is+1 while the oxidation number of the chloride ion, Cl-, is -1. 9. The sum of the oxidation numbers in a compound is always zero. 10. In a polyatomic ion, the sum of the oxidation numbers of the atoms is equal to the charge of the ion. 11. When combined, oxygen is usually assigned an oxidation number of -2. 12. When combined, hydrogen is usually assigned an oxidation number of +1. 13. When combined, Grp IA elements have oxidation number of +1. 14. When combined, Grp IIA elements have oxidation number of +2. 15. When combined, Grp IIIA elements have oxidation number of +3. 16. When combined, fluorine has an oxidation number of -1. 17. In the phosphate ion, the oxidation number of phosphorous is+5. The sum of the oxidation numbers in PO43-, a polyatomic ion, is -3, the charge of the ion. We assign -2 as the oxidation number of each O and x as the oxidation number of P and write the following equation: x + 4(-2) = -3…. x = +5. 18. In the dichromate ion, the oxidation number of chromium is+6. The sum of the oxidation numbers in Cr2O72-, a polyatomic ion, is -2, the charge of the ion. We assign -2 as the oxidation number for each oxygen, and x as the oxidation number of each chromium and write the following equation: 2x + 7(-2) = -2… x = +6. 19. In potassium sulfate, K2SO4, the oxidation numbers are: potassium +1 sulfur +6 and oxygen -2. The sum of the oxidation numbers in K2SO4 (a compound) is zero. We assign -2 as the oxidation number for each oxygen and +1 as the oxidation number of each potassium and x as the oxidation number of the sulfur and write: 2(+1) + x +4(-2) = 0…. x = +6 20. The oxidation numbers of nitrogen in N2 is zero, in NH4+ is-3 and in NO3- is +5. N2: free element… so the oxidation number is zero. NH4+: polyatomic ion. x + 4(-1) = +1… x = -3. NO3- : polyatomic ion x + 3(-2) = -1… x = +5. 21. Zinc, Zn, reacts with copper (II) ions, Cu2+, to give Zn2+ and copper, Cu. Zn is being oxidized and Cu2+ is being reduced. The oxidizing agent is Cu2+ and the reducing agent is Zn. The oxidation number of Zn changes from 0 to +2. This indicates a loss of electrons (oxidation). The oxidation number of Cu2+ changes from +2 to zero. This indicates aName:____________________ Revised CR 1/16/14 © LaBrake & Vanden Bout 2014 Department of Chemistry University of Texas at Austin gain of electrons (reduction). The electrons lost by Zn cause the reduction of Cu2+. Therefore, Zn is the reducing agent. Cu2+ is on the other hand is the oxidizing agent since it causes zinc to loose electrons or to get oxidized. 22. When KClO3 is heated, it produces KCl as one of the products. In this process, the oxidation number of Cl changes from +5 to -1. For KClO3, potassium is +1 and O is -2. So, (+1) + x + 3(-2) = 0… x = +5 For KCl (potassium is +1). (+1) + x = 0… x = -1 23. Zinc displaces hydrogen from sulfuric acid, H2SO4, and the reaction produces hydrogen gas and zinc sulfate. In this process, hydrogen is being reduced and its oxidation number changes from +1 to zero. The reducing agent is Zn. Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2 The oxidation number of hydrogen changes from +1 to zero. This indicates a gain of electrons (a reduction). The electrons gained by hydrogen come from zinc. So, zinc causes the reduction of hydrogen and is therefore, the reducing
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