Principles of Chemistry II © Vanden BoutTo d ayLoose EndsReactionsPolymersPrinciples of Chemistry II © Vanden BoutNames for isolated “groups”-OH-NH2-C-O-C-OOHydroxylAminoCarbonylCarboxylPrinciples of Chemistry II © Vanden BoutVitamin D4Principles of Chemistry II © Vanden BoutOur friend the benzene ringPrinciples of Chemistry II © Vanden BoutAnother important Functional GroupPhenolPrinciples of Chemistry II © Vanden BoutNomenclatureNumber carbons clockwise with #1 starting at the functional group3 methyl phenolPrinciples of Chemistry II © Vanden BoutThe chemistry of phenols is A. essentially the same as that of primary alcoholsB. essentially the same as that of secondary alcoholsC. essentially the same as that of tertiary alcoholsD. differs substantially from alcoholsPrinciples of Chemistry II © Vanden BoutPrimarySecondaryTertiaryAmineR-NH2R,R’-NHR,R’,R’’-N1-methyl ethylamineNHmethyl ethylamineNdimethyl ethylamineNH2Principles of Chemistry II © Vanden BoutPrimary Secondary TertiaryAlcoholRCH2OH2 propanol2-methyl2-butanol OHRCHOH RCOHHO1 propanolOHPrinciples of Chemistry II © Vanden Bout2 butanol is aA. primary alcoholB. secondary alcoholC. tertiary alcoholPrinciples of Chemistry II © Vanden BoutImportant Reaction for BiochemistryFormation of an AmideThey don't call them functional groups for nothingCarboxylic AcidRCOOHPrimary AmineNHR'HPrinciples of Chemistry II © Vanden BoutCarboxylic AcidRCOOHPrimary AmineNHR'HAmide + WaterRCONR'H+ H2OCONDENSATION REACTIONPrinciples of Chemistry II © Vanden BoutAmino AcidCCOOHRH2NCarboxylic End and Amine EndCan react with itself (or similar molecules) in a chainPrinciples of Chemistry II © Vanden BoutPolypeptideTwo distinct endsN-terminus is an amineC-terminus is a carboxylic acidPrinciples of Chemistry II © Vanden BoutSuch a compound is called a polymerpolyethylene = plastic shopping bagmonomer polymerAddition Reaction (combined no other molecule “lost”)really really big moleculemacromoleculePrinciples of Chemistry II © Vanden BoutAnother addition polymerizationPolystyrene“styrofoam”Principles of Chemistry II © Vanden BoutBiopolymer (polymer that is biologically relevant)monomer = amino acidCondensation PolymerizationPrinciples of Chemistry II © Vanden BoutPolypeptides have unique structures that give them function (proteins)binding sitemight be an enzyme (catalyst)Principles of Chemistry II © Vanden Boutprimary structure = sequencesecondary structure = foldstertiary structure = 3-D arrangmentquaternary structure = interactions with other proteinsPrinciples of Chemistry II © Vanden BoutTriglycerides(same condensation reaction)GylcerolOHOHHOFatty Acid(carboxylic acid with long chain)C12H25COOHMakes TrigylcerideOCC12H25OCC12H25C12H25COOOOPrinciples of Chemistry II © Vanden BoutThe three fatty acids canall be the same or differentHigh levels of triglycerides is linked tobuild up of plaque in the arteries= heart diseasesaturated fatsall sp3 carbon (no double bonds)strong intermolecular forcessolid (lard, crisco, ....)unsaturated fatssome sp2 carbon (some double bonds)weaker intermolecular forcesliquid (canola oil, olive oil, ....)Principles of Chemistry II © Vanden BoutAlcoholROHAlcoholHOR'Ether + WaterROR'+ H2OCondensation reaction for two alcoholsPrinciples of Chemistry II © Vanden BoutSugarsGlucose(key factor for sugars lots of hydroxyls)They can react to form chains of sugarspolysaccharidePrinciples of Chemistry II © Vanden BoutCelluoseVery long ether chain(pretty much all plant material)Principles of Chemistry II © Vanden BoutPolysaccharide (Starch)Sugars, Carbohydratesmonosaccharides (one)disaccharides (two)polysaccharides (many)Principles of Chemistry II © Vanden Boutα Glucose β GlucosePrinciples of Chemistry II © Vanden Boutβ 1,4 linkage polysaccharideCelluloseα 1,4 linkage polysaccharideStarch/CarbohydratePrinciples of Chemistry II © Vanden BoutCondensation Reactions(two molecules make one + water)Carboxylic Acid + Amine = Amide + waterCarboxylic Acid + Alcohol = Ester + waterAlcohol + Alcohol = Ether + waterPrinciples of Chemistry II © Vanden BoutStructurally what is different between RNA and DNAA. the phosphateB. the sugarC. the basePrinciples of Chemistry II © Vanden BoutStructurally what is different between RNA and DNAA. the phosphateB. the sugarC. the basePrinciples of Chemistry II © Vanden BoutOther important biopolymers(RNA and DNA)Three pieces Base, Sugar, PhosphateRNA sugar DNA sugarPrinciples of Chemistry II © Vanden BoutBase units (4 DNA base units)pyrimidineguanidinePrinciples of Chemistry II
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