PHIL 201STUDY GUIDE: LESSON 10What Is Epistemology? And What Is Knowledge?Lesson OverviewWith this lesson, we begin a new unit on epistemology, which is the philosophical study of knowledge claims. In this first lesson on epistemology, Dew and Foreman discuss some of the basic issues raised in the study of epistemology and then discuss the nature of knowledge itself. They consider questions such as, “What do we mean when we say we know something?” “What exactly is knowledge?TasksView and take notes of the presentation, “What is Knowledge?”- Describe the 3 different ways we use the term know.o Knowledge by acquaintanceo Knowledge as a skillo Knowledge as truth claims (propositional knowledge- can be placed in the form ofa proposition, makes a claim about reality and has truth value. It is true or it is false)- Explain the traditional definition of knowledge from Plato.o Knowledge is justified true belief - Know what each aspect of the traditional definition means.o I believe something as trueo It is trueo I have good reasons for believing itRead Chapters 1 (“What is Epistemology?”) and 2 (“What is Knowledge?”) of How Do We Know?” As you do, make sure you understand the following points and questions:1. What are the kinds of questions arise in the study of epistemology?What does it mean to say that we know something?How do we come to know various things?What is truth and how do we find it?What does it mean to have epistemically justification, and is this necessary?What are epistemological virtues, and are they helpful for us? How reliable are our perceptions?Can we have certainty?2. Know the kinds of questions that preoccupy epistemologists.Problems of justification and defeasibility3. Know the basic reasons why the study of epistemology is important.By our nature as human beings long for knowledge and depend on it for all aspects of life. Not asking these kinds of questions cuts off natural and needed intellectual growth. Asking epistemological questions changed the modern world through science. Our Jobs require specific kinds of knowledge. Big questions about God.4. What are the different ways that the word “know” might be used?PHIL 201Describe an acquaintance (I know Bill) knowledge by acquaintance. Describe a skill (I know French) knowledge as competency. Knowledge of a truth claim (I know that John F. Kennedy was president) Propositional knowledge.5. How did Plato define knowledge? Justified true belief6. Know the difference between true opinion and knowledge. Justification. Knowledge can give an account of the reason why. (21)7. What are some of the basic problems/concerns with JTB? The difference between the criteria of justification and truth is a bit vague. Beliefs are justified when there is some evidence for the belief and are true when the evidence is overwhelming. (24-25)8. What is the Gettier Problem? Cases in which all three criteria are met (JTB) but knowledge does not result. It reminds us that it is possible that our justification, even when we have it, may be faulty or founded on weak or invalid inferences. (25-26)9. What are some of the common strategies for resolving the Gettier Problem?Adding a fourth condition, sometimes referred to as the defensibility condition. Undefeated, Justified, True, Belief. In a reliabilist account of knowledge, someone has knowledge of something if she believes it is true, it is in fact true, and her belief of its truthfulness was formed under reliable belief-forming processes. (28,29).10. Is JTB of any value to us after the Gettier Problem? Yes, JTB does seem to give us a sense of what knowledge is and can still be thought of as a necessary condition for knowledge. Gutter examples are rather odd and unusual instances. 29TermsMake sure you can explain the following terms and concepts:- Epistemology-A branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of our knowledge. Philosophy of knowledge how we know.- Traditional Definition of Knowledge- Justified true belief- Justified, True, Belief-(20-24) the sufficient and necessary condition for knowledge, are that I believe something is true. That is in fact is true and that I have good reasons for believing it.- Gettier Problem- (25)- Necessary Condition- (26)- Sufficient Condition- (26)- Knowledge by Acquaintance- I know Bill (20)- Knowledge as Competency- I knowhow to speak English (20)- Propositional Knowledge-I know that Bill Clinton was the president. (20)- True Opinion-can lead to successfuldecision making but lacks justification. (21) A true belief that you arrive at by accident.- Belief- Something we affirm to be true in a propositional form- Justification-- Truth-- Reliabilist Accounts of Knowledge-Makes alterations to JTB, someone has knowledge of something if she believes it is true, it is in fact true, and her belief of its truthfulness wasformed under reliable belief forming processes.