PHIL 201STUDY GUIDE: LESSON 8Free Will and DeterminismLesson OverviewIn this lesson, we examine our first metaphysical question: Does man really have free will or are his choices ultimately determined by factors outside of his control? Is it some combination of the2? Finally, what part does God play in this question? We will look at a number of responses to these questions and critique them.TasksView and take notes from the presentation, “Free Will and Determinism.”Libertarian free will- The free will we have if we have the ability to do otherwise. Example, come to a corner of the street (can turn left or right)Determinism free will- Deny that we can do otherwise. Everything is determined to happen whenit doesCompatibilism- I am free to do what I want to do but I am not free in regards to the desires behind those actions Incompatibles- most libertarians are thisPHIL 201Read Chapter 2 of Metaphysics: Constructing a World View, “Freedom and Necessity.” As you do, make sure you understand the following points and questions:1. Identify the preliminary problems and objections to free choice. our actions are not free, but necessitated- by God, by fate, and by natural causes2. Explain the meanings of determinism and libertarianism. Determinism- view that for every event which happens, there previous events and circumstances which are its sufficient conditions or causes, so that, given those previous events and circumstances, it is impossible that the event should not occur. Libertarianism- view that some humans actions are choices performed by the agent without there being any sufficient condition or cause of the action prior to the action itself. Affirms free will.3. Know the meaning of compatibilism, its benefits, and its problems. Also known as soft determinism, holds that there is no logical inconsistency between freewill and determinism, and that it is possible that human beings are free and responsible for their actions even though these actions are causally determined. Enables one to acceptdeterminism without accepting the radical conclusions drawn by other determinists. Benefits- we are free and responsible persons Problems- free will and determinism are inconsistent non-compatible4. What are 2 misconceptions of determinism? 1. "Deny that people make choices"2. "Our choices don't make any difference"5. Explain the arguments for determinism: psychological and scientific.Psychological: the doctrine that our choices are governed by whatever, in the given situation, is our strongest motive. Scientific: is found in the claim that determinism is a "methodological assumption", a "necessary presupposition" of science. Scientist is seeking to understand, explain and control nature.6. List and explain Problem with determinism’s arguments. The presupposition is relevant to the work of the scientist only he is committed to finding and formulating laws which are strictly deterministic- that is, laws which assert that in a given set of conditions exactly one result can and must follow.7. What is the misconception of libertarianism? it is not true that "a libertarian conceives of a free choice; that is, it is an event in which alternatives are noted, considered, evaluated in terms of some kind of criteria, and finally decided one way or the other. "8. Explain the following arguments for libertarianism: intuitive experience, morality, and rationality.Intuitive experience: sustained as it is by the occurrence of choices in which we seem to determine our own future, is one that we are entitled to take seriously and to treat w/ greatrespect as we formulate our answer to the question of freedom and necessityMorality: if all human actions are causally determined, then no one is ever morally responsible for any actionPHIL 201Rationality: rational thinking must be guided by rational insight in the light of principles of sound reasoning9. What are determinist’s responses to the moral and rational arguments? To claim that the argument confuses reasons for belief w/ causes of belief, and to point out that a conclusion may be supported by reasons without those reasons having caused the acceptance of the belief and the argument of the existence of computer to establish that a physically determined process can be rational.10. Explain the meaning and problem of predestination/theological determinism.Meaning: God has effectively determined everything that shall happen, and no creature has the power to act otherwise than God has decreed. Problem: how can you explain how a person is responsible for his actions when he was unable to act otherwise. Also, how can you explain that God is not responsible for human wrong doing.11. What is the meaning and problem of divine foreknowledge? Meaning: God does not determine our actions, but he nevertheless knows in advance exactly what we will do. Problem: I cannot now change what God has always believed about what I will do, nor is it possible for me to act in a way that would contradict God's belief about me. So I have no free will.12. Know various proposed solutions to the problem of foreknowledge. Divine timelessness: God's existence is not everlasting, it is timeless, outside of time altogether. Pg.53-54 and pg.5213. Explain the meaning of divine timelessness and its solution to the problem of foreknowledge.TermsMake sure you can explain the following terms and concepts:- Determinism- view that for every event which happens, there previous events and circumstances which are its sufficient conditions or causes, so that, given those previous events and circumstances, it is impossible that the event should not occur.- Libertarianism- view that some humans actions are choices performed by the agent without there being any sufficient condition or cause of the action prior to the action itself. Affirms free will. - Compatibilism/Soft-Determinism- Psychological Determinism- Methodological Assumption- Clockwork Universe- Predestination- Divine Foreknowledge- Divine TimelessnessPHIL 201- Immediate Cause- Proximate Cause- Prior