NRC 225 1st Edition Final Exam Study Guide Exam 1 The most significant cause of changes in American forests since the 1700 s have been human The success of the Catskill Mountain house is directly linked to writers paintings and steamboats The Man Who Planted Trees is an accurate depiction of human nature and forest ecosystems By the 1800 the fur trade was a global enterprise shipping 200 000 pelts led to the formation of the Metis Early settlers built stone walls to facilitate planting cultivating and growth of crops while protecting them from wildlife Early settlers could clear 2 acres of forest per year At the peak of agricultural clearing in southern New England 60 90 of land was deforested When forests were first cleared most of the wood was piled and burned W B Greeley maps show most extensive deforestation from 1850 1920 Natural Succession is used to describe the ecological changes in forests John Burroughs was a naturalist writer The fur trade goods most highly prized by Indians were axes knives ect The Catskill Forest Preserve was established after water pollution from tanneries The recovery of many TB patients in the Adirondacks was attributed to avoiding contact with recent immigrants The Great Map was made by David Thompson for the Northwest Company The Harvard Forest Models show that most forests in southern New England are second growth In the first American landscape paintings people were absent Reconciling our Green and Black Souls was based on a provocative essay by John Fowles In the Robert Frost poem Birthplace describes the typical process of clearing The limiting condition for forest clearing in New England is community decision to retain wildlife The King s Broad Arrow policy was intended to prevent colonists from cutting pine trees The widespread abandonment of farms was related to gold rush casualties during Civil War and new canals and railroads The North American fur trade was so profitable because of the very high demand for beaver pelts The first white men to reach the pacific ocean by land from the east were Sir Alexander MacKenzie and a small group of Metis people Two trillion board feet were cut in about a century The most extensive and rapid changes in American forest occurred in the 1800 s Ojibway food included the three sisters wild rice blueberries maple sugar and wild game Cut and run logging led to soil erosion water pollution more frequent flooding and loss of biological diversity The Hudson River School was a school for artists painting natural landscapes Standard currency during the fur trade was large beaver pelt These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Dolbeer steam engine and a spar tree made it possible to cut trees on steep slopes rig skyline ropes and replace horses During the 1800 1900 s loggers and logging camps depended on snow ice roads and rugged sleds The objway elders had grave concerns about the effects of the fur trade on the forest Acute and chronic are used to describe the extent of disturbance Bill Potter in Montana revitalized a pine forest by cutting dead diseased and dying trees over many years Also look into the open response questions for exam Worksheet 3 Exam 1 Review look at it Exam 2 Patch cuts and small group selection cut are used to regenerate forests enhance wildlife diversify tree species George Perkins Marsh was a lawyer businessman member of Congress The CCC was organized and managed by the US Army and US dept of agriculture A CCC enrollee received 5 per month uniforms and night school Representative Joseph Cannon was one of the most powerful political leaders in U S history Most of the forests of the United States were cut at least once Wangari Maathai earned a PhD Nobel Peace Prize and was beaten and jailed Thinning a forest redistributes sunlight water and nutrients One key way the United Society of Believers The Shakers conserved forests was by developing small woodstoves for heating Forest fires are a natural disturbance mechanism that regenerates and renews many forest types A scientific sounding name for high grading is a diameter limit cut John Burroughs and John Muir were writers and naturalists who strongly influenced public opinion The shelter wood method traditionally uses three steps prepatory seed and removal cuts John Weeks Henry Graves and Raphael Zon worked together to establish new National Forests The first written record of the establishment of a protection forest dates from 1342 in Switzerland Wangari Maathai said Environmental stewardship democracy and peace you can t have one without the others Gifford Pinchot was instrumental in protecting millions of acres of U S forests with Theodore Roosevelt In the CCC the LEM s were Local Experienced Men who performed skilled work and helped to train employee The species composition and age class diversity of New England s forests have been substantially reduced by a combination of land clearing farm abandonment insects and diseases Foresters use measurements or estimates of leaf area and tree crown volume to evaluate health vigor ect The most important ecological function of riparian forests are providing shade Joseph Cannon said the Not one cent for scenery Key adaptions of trees like lodge pole ping jack pine pitch pin and ponderosa pine to wildfire are Serotinous cones and thick bark with many layers Standing dead trees and large woody debris on the forest floor provide many important ecological functions Worksheet 5 Exam 2 Review look at it Urban and Community Forestry lecture values and functions of urban forest Manage forest in and around urban areas for the environmental psychological sociological and economic benefits provided by trees The planting care and tending of an urban and community forestry program education and awareness policies and guidelines mature tree care planting new trees building local capacity partnerships sustained funding Chesapeake Bay Program key components and approaches Oysters in Chesapeake Bay become exhaustible from 1953 2000 Used both a top down and a bottom up approach o Top Down COMPROMISE reached by confrontation alienation short term efficiency is high overall efficiency low o Bottom up CONSENSUS reach by cooperation ownership overall efficiency high short term efficiency low Three Zone Streamside Forest Buffer Canadian Forest Futures project summary How were the four peace restoration