NR 150 1st Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I. Comparison: Deep water vs. Shallow water wavesII. TsunamiIII. Comparison: Tsunamis vs. TidesIV. Tides and forces that generate themV. Tidal friction gradually slows Earth’s rotationOutline of Current Lecture VI. All life on Earth is fundamentally the same, it’s just packaged in different waysVII. Three Domains of LifeVIII. Modern System of Biological ClassificationIX. The flow of energy through living systemsX. Primary producers synthesize organic materialXI. Photosynthesis depends on lightXII. Primary productivity of the oceanXIII. Trophic PyramidXIV. The role of bacteriaXV. Classification of Marine Environments by locationXVI. Pelagic communities occupy the open oceanXVII. Dissolved nutrients are required for the production of organic matterCurrent LectureI. All life on Earth is fundamentally the same, it’s just packaged in different waysa. Skin, shells, etc.II. Three Domains of Lifea. Domain Bacteriab. Domain ArchaeaThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.c. Domain Eukaryai. Includes KingdomsIII. Modern System of Biological Classificationa. Linnaeus came up with the idea of hierarchyb. Scientific names (binomial): Genus speciesIV. The flow of energy through living systemsa. Light energy producers consumers to space (via energy of movement, waste heat, and entropy)b. Energy flow allows living things to maintain complex organizationV. Primary producers synthesize organic materiala. Primary productivity- grams of carbon bound into organic material per square meter of ocean surface per yearb. Primary producer- phytoplankton 90-96%c. Occurs in water, in seabed sdiments, and in solid rockd. Extremophiles- bacteria and archaea that live under extreme conditionsVI. Photosynthesis depends on lighta. Most of the biological productivity of the ocean occurs in an area near the surface called the euphotic zoneb. Belo the euphotic zone lies the disphotic zonec. Below the disphotic zone lies the dark aphotic zone, the vast bulk of the ocean where sunlight never reachesVII. Primary productivity of the oceana. Most of the carbohydrates and photosynthesis take place on the coastlines, least productivity is in the middle of gyresb. Diatoms are primary producers synthesize organic materialVIII. Trophic Pyramida. Phytoplankton (primary producers)i. Zooplankton (primary consumers)1. Small fishes and larvae (consumers)a. Midsize fishes (secondary consumers)i. Large fish (tertiary consumers)IX. The role of bacteriaa. Dissolved organic matter cannot be used by organisms directlyb. Bacteria decompose organic matter (detritus), consisting of complex compounds (polymeric, high molecular weight)c. Bacteria make carbon available for higher trophic levelX. Classification of Marine Environments by locationa. Pelagic organisms: live suspended in sea wateri. Subdivided into two zones1. Neritic zone: near shore, over the continental shelf2. Oceanic zone: beyond the continental shelfa. Further divided by depth and lengthb. Benthic organisms: live on or in the ocean bottomXI. Pelagic communities occupy the open oceana. Plankton: drift or swim weakly, go where the currents take themi. Can’t move well laterally; some move verticallyii. Highly diverse in numbers and types of species1. Phytoplankton (plants): most productive in areas with high levels of nutrientsa. Autotrophs and primary producersb. Highest productivity near continents: upwelling of nutrients, nutrients from land runoffc. Tropical waters are very clear because they have few phytoplanktond. Diatoms- the dominants and most productive of the photosynthetic plankton (group of algae)i. Silica frustuleii. Very efficient energy convertersiii. Store energy as fatty acids or oils (sink/float balance)e. Dinoflagellates- widely distributed single-celled phytoplanktoni. Use flagella to moveii. Can cause “red tides”1. Harmful algae blooms (HABs)2. Can be caused by excessive nutrients released into the waterf. Coccolithophores- small single-celled autotrophs2. Zooplankton (animals)a. Heterotrophsi. Primarily eat phytoplankton, but some herbivores, carnivores, detritivores, and omnivoresii. Primary and secondary consumersb. Krill plankton is most important in the food chain, mostly eats phytoplanktonc. Foraminifera zooplankton: Planktonic and Benthic formsd. Holoplankton: spends entire life as planktoni. Copepods are the most numerous of zooplanktonii. Meroplankton: spends part of life as plants (ie larvae)b. Nekton: actively swimXII. Dissolved nutrients are required for the production of organic mattera. Limited nutrientsb. Main inorganic nutrients required in primary production: nitrogen and phosphatec. Short in supply: dissolved silicate for shellsd. Trace elements: iron and copper (used in enzymes,