NR 150 1st Edition Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture I. Water is in constant motion: the Hydrologic CycleII. The water moleculeIII. Water exists in three statesIV. Water has a very high heat capacity V. Salinity is s measure of seawater’s total dissolved inorganic solidsVI. Gases dissolved in seawaterVII. Acid-base balanceVIII. The ocean is stratified by densityIX. Light does not travel far through the oceanX. Sound travels much farther than light in the oceanOutline of Current Lecture XI. The atmosphere and the ocean interact with each otherXII. The solar heating of Earth varies with latitudeXIII. The solar heating of Earth also varies with seasonsXIV. Earth’s uneven solar heating results in large-scale atmospheric circulationXV. Surface currents are driven by windCurrent LectureI. The atmosphere and the ocean interact with each othera. The difference between weather and climatei. Weather: the state of the atmosphere at a specific timeii. Climate: the long-term statistical sum of weather in an areab. The atmosphere is composed mainly of nitrogen, oxygen, and water vapori. Water vapor occupies up to 4% of the volume of the atmosphere and is a greenhouse gasThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii. Humid air is less dense than dry air at the same temperature1. Molecules of water vapor weigh less than nitrogen and oxygen molecules that the water vapor displacesiii. The lower atmosphere is a fairly homogenous mixture of gasesiv. The density of air is influenced by temperature and water content1. Unstable air over the warm tropical oceana. As the air rises, expands, and cools, the water vapor it contains condenses into droplets (clouds)II. The solar heating of Earth varies with latitudea. The ocean doesn’t boil away near the equator or freeze solid near the poles because heat is transferred by winds and ocean currents from equatorial to polarregionsb. Near the equator there’s net heat gain, near the poles there’s net heat lossIII. The solar heating of Earth also varies with seasonsa. Low density of incident rays (northern winter)b. High density of incident rays (southern summer)c. Mid-latitude in the northern hemisphere receives 3x as much solar energy in June than in December because of axis tilti. Mid-latitude affected by seasonsIV. Earth’s uneven solar heating results in large-scale atmospheric circulationa. Convection current: circular current of air in a room, caused by the difference in temperature between the ends of the roomb. If Earth was not a rotating sphere with smooth uniform surface, two atmosphericconvection cells would developc. Two factors governing global air circulationi. Uneven solar heatingii. Circulation cells on a rotating sphere (Coriolis effect)d. The path of moving objects are deflected by the Coriolis effecti. To the right (clockwise) in the northern hemisphereii. To the left (counterclockwise) in the southern hemisphereiii. Influences the movement of air in atmospheric circulation cells1. At the boundaries between cells, the wind moves vertically2. Doldrums: the surface winds of the Hadley cells converge (low pressure=rising air); doldrums same as the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)3. Horse latitudes: between Hadley and Ferrel cells, sinking air (high-pressure zones)iv. Coriolis effect: the observed deflection of a moving object, caused by the moving frame of reference on the spinning