NR 150 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. Introduction to resource useII. Types of marine resourcesa. Physicalb. Marine Energyc. Biologicald. Non-extractive Outline of Current Lecture III. Marine Science began as a result of voyaging for trade and goodsIV. Ancient Mediterranean culturesV. Polynesian explorersVI. Chinese explorersCurrent LectureI. Marine Science began as a result of voyaging for trade and goodsa. Travelling over water was important to many civilizationsb. The word for ocean was originally defined from “oceanus”, the Latin root of the word “okeanos” originally named by the early Greek seafarersII. Ancient Mediterranean culturesa. Used the Strait of Gibraltar as a mode of transportation for trading goodsb. Recorded information about locations and landmarks and currentsc. Thought to be the first cartographers (map-makers)d. Records of trading were kept at the Library of Alexandriai. Located in Egypt, founded in the third center BCii. The library also stored information on every area of human endeavoriii. Eratosthenes of Cyrene1. The chief librarian at Alexandra2. First person to calculate the circumference of the world, was only 10% off from modern calculations a. Pythagoras had realized the Earth was spherical, but Eratosthenes was the first to estimate its true size3. Introduced the system of latitude and longitude, based on known cities at the timea. Low latitudes are near the equator, high latitudes are near the North and South PolesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. Longitudinal lines called meridiansi. Prime Meridian is zero, goes through Greenwich, EnglandIII. Polynesian explorersa. Seafarers colonized distant islands located in the Pacific Oceanb. Ancestors of the Polynesians began colonizing islands off the coast of Asia around20000 years agoi. Used birds, stars, trade wind patterns, etc. to guide their travelsc. Mid-Pacific Islands (like the Marshall Islands) were colonized about 2500 years agod. Smaller, most remote Pacific Islands were colonized around 600 years agoi. Easter Island1. 15 miles long and 8 miles wide it would have been very difficult to find without modern technology due to small size2. Had rich soil and many trees which were used by inhabitants to build boatsa. Inhabitants built too many boats and eventually had no trees left to make boats to leave the islandb. The stranded clans began fueding over limited resources, by the time European explorers reached the island there were few indigenous inhabitants lefti. The few left were killed off by European diseases towhich they had never been exposed toii. Hawaii1. Most recently explored Pacific Island, about 450-600 CE2. Polynesians had to cross the equator in order to reach it had to travel through doldrums (areas of the ocean where weather was unpredictable (either no wind, which stranded ships, or extreme storms)IV. Chinese explorersa. Undertook organized voyages of discoveryb. Chinese navigators originally set out in the 1400s, using more advanced technology for the timei. Water-tight compartments, the central rudder, sails on multiple mastsii. Their ships were much larger than those in the past and functioned on the rough oceans much betterc. Voyages had the intention of displaying Chinese wealth and power by carrying their treasure on their shipsd. Zheng He was the leader of a treasure ship fleeti. Was a eunuch (castrated man working for the emperor), and at the time itwas thought eunuchs were more loyal to the emperor because they had no familial ties and no chance to change the lines of successione. Ships were capable of staying at sea for up to four monthsi. Covered at least 8000 km (5000 mi) without needing to stop for provisionsii. Distilled fresh water from the oceaniii. Grew vegetables on boardf. For some unexplainable reason, it became a crime to go to sea from China in a multi-masted ship after 1433g. From all of these voyages, Chinese technology had filtered into the West and made later discoveries