NR 150 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last LectureI. Marine Science began as a result of voyaging for trade and goodsII. Ancient Mediterranean culturesIII. Polynesian explorersIV. Chinese explorers Outline of Current Lecture V. The Age of DiscoveryVI. Earth and the OceanVII. The Young EarthCurrent LectureI. The Age of Discoverya. Europeans explored the world by sea during the Renaissancei. Henry the Navigator, Prince of Portugal1. Wanted to find a sea route around the Sahara Desert, which was the traditional route for trade via caravans for slaves and gold2. Brought gold back from expeditions to mint the first gold coins in Europeii. Christopher Columbus1. Wanted to pioneer a sea route to the rich and fabled lands of the East, made famous about 200 years earlier by the voyage of Marco Polo2. Conducted 4 trips to the Caribbean, but wasn’t the first to Americaa. Native Americans started inhabiting the area about 11000 years agob. Norwegian Vikings had made close to 2 dozen trips to America about 500 years before Columbus3. Opened up the interest of living in North America to EuropeansThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iii. Magellan Expidition (1519-1522)1. The first voyage around the world, took about 3 years2. Only 18 of the original 200 sailors survived the voyage3. Magellan was killed in the Phillipines before the trip was completedb. Scientific Oceanographyi. Voyaging combined with science to advance ocean studiesii. James Cooke of the British Royal Navy1. Began the official study of the ocean2. Brought back data and specimins during his voyages on the HMS Endeavour3. Killed during his second voyageiii. US Exploring Expidition (1838)1. A naval and scientific expedition under the leadership of Lt. Charles Wilkes2. Brought back specimens and artifacts3. Started the collections that eventually lead to the development of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DCiv. Matthew Maury1. Considered to be the “Father of Physical Oceanography”2. Discovered the worldwide patterns of winds and ocean currents3. During the time of the gold rush, allowed for the transportation ofgold to occur faster with the use of winds and currentsv. The Challenger Expedition1. The first extensive expedition dedicated to marine science2. Discovered about 5000 species by the time it ended3. Remains the longest continuous oceanographic survey on record, from December 1872 to May 1876c. Contempory oceanography makes use of modern technologyi. In the 20th century it became possible to start exploring the deep ocean floor and polar regionsii. Fridtjof Nansen1. Set out to proce that the Artic was an ocean, not a continent2. Added to the understanding of ice drift, meteorlogical, and oceanic conditions of the Artic Ocean3. Had the Norwegian government build a wooden boat (called the “Fram”) with a rounded hull, sailed to the New Siberian Islands during the summer, and then waited until winter to be frozen in the ice massesa. Drifted through the Artic as an ice mass to prove the movement of the ocean4. He left his ship in an attempt to reach the North Pole, but when heattempted to return the ship had drifted and he was stranded on Franz Josef Land Islands until his rescueiii. Meteor Expedition (1925)1. Set out for two years to explore the South Atlantic2. Used sonar to detect the bottom of the oceana. Discovered that the ocean wasn’t the shape of a basin, which was what was previously thought3. Introduced modern optical and electronic equiptmentiv. Glomar Challenger (1968)1. During the time of the Plate Tectonics theory2. Took sentiment cores from the ocean floor at about 6000 m of water to prove the Plate Tectonic theoryv. Satellites have become important tools in oceanography as welld. Oceanographic Institutions arose to oversee complex research projectsi. Three of the most prominent oceanographic institutions in the United States:1. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution2. Scripps Institution of Oceanography3. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia UniversityII. Earth and the Oceana. Scientific theoryi. Theories may changes as our knowledge and our powers of observation changeb. Stars form seasi. The origin of the ocean is linked to the origin of the universec. Origin of the Universe: the Big Bang Theoryi. The universe began to expand, as it cooled forn the particles started to clump up and combine to create larger massesii. Edward Hubble (1889-1953)1. Changes the world’s understanding of the universe2. Confirmed the existence of other galaxies3. Showed that the universe is expanding, became known as “Hubble’s Law of Expansion”iii. Our Galaxy: the Milky Way1. A galaxy is a huge, rotating aggregation of stars, dust, gas, and other debris held together by gravityd. Origin of a Solar System: Condensation Theoryi. A solar nebula ( a large, diffuse cloud of gas and dusts) contracts under gravityii. As it contracts, the nebula heats, flattens, and spins fasteriii. A protostar is born in the center1. Protostar contracts because of gravitational forces2. When the temperature in the protostar reaches about 10 million degrees Celcius (18 million degrees Faranehit), nuclear fusion begins3. Hydrogen atoms from Helium (both remain gaseous), liberates energy and allow the protostar to become a star4. The young star then begins to shrink, when fusion begins the star becomes stable5. A large percent of hydrogen is converted into carbon and oxygena. As the sun starts consuming carbon and oxygen the energyoutput increase and the sun becomes a red giant6. Our sun is a medium sized suniv. Planets form in disk1. Materials besides hydrogen and helium can condense into solid “seeds” for building planets2. Warm temperatures only allow metal/rock “seeds” to condense inthe inner solar system3. Cold temperatures allow “seeds” to contain abundant ice in outer solar systems4. New planets are formed by accretion (the clumping of smaller particles into larger particles)5. The temperature gradient in our solar system causes terrestrial planets to be closest to the sun and gaseous planets to be the farthest from the sunIII. The Young Eartha. Many particles bombarding each other and combining resulted in the formation of the earthb. As it got bigger, heavier elements moved towards the core and lighter elements moved towards the crust, resulting in